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. 2012 Mar 13;370(1962):1185–1204. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2011.0304

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Figure 5. — Search for early warning of Atlantic thermohaline circulation collapse in the CLIMBER-2 model. (a) Principal component of salinity, as freshwater forcing is gradually increased and white noise is applied in order to diagnose ocean dynamics. Analysis stops at the vertical dashed line before the transition (n=783). (b) Example of early warning indicators from detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) or autocorrelation function (ACF) with various detrending methods and results plotted at the end of the windows (sliding window length of half the data series in all cases, bandwidth=50 for ACF method). (c) Histogram of the frequency distribution of the Kendall trend statistic for the ACF of residuals indicator, when varying the sliding window length and filtering bandwidth. (d) Histogram of the frequency distribution of the Kendall trend statistic for the DFA indicator, when varying the sliding window length. (Online version in colour.)