Table 2.
Acoustic parameters of Japanese vowels produced by each group of Japanese speakers. An average individual’s mean F1 and F2 (with standard deviation in parentheses) of the five Japanese vowels produced in an /hV/ context for each group.
| /i/ | /a/ | /o/ | /Ɯ/ | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | F2 | F1 | F2 | F1 | F2 | F1 | F2 | F1 | F2 | |||
| JPN L1 | 411.38 | 2734.08 | 668.23 | 2334.95 | 895.23 | 1419.57 | 593.11 | 905.57 | 435.25 | 1363.05 | ||
| (17.6) | (41.5) | (21.8) | (45.4) | (29.0) | (65.5) | (34.2) | (52.5) | (13.7) | (74.5) | |||
| JPN L2 | 399.96 | 2765.79 | 614.55 | 2374.12 | 840.95 | 1369.97 | 533.35 | 869.27 | 437.47 | 1506.88 | ||
| (22.7) | (54.0) | (29.3) | (58.3) | (39.2) | (74.9) | (27.1) | (36.9) | (20.2) | (87.7) | |||