Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and paraclinical details of 65 small observational studies (1998–2011) that described visual side effects of topiramate in 84 consumers
| Author[Ref.] (Country; year of report; no. of cases) | Patients’ main manifestation | Age (Sex) | Drug dose (mg/day) | Drug duration | Drug indication | IOP (mmHg) | Myopic shift (diopters) | Recovery period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gubbay32 (Ausatralia; 1998; 1) | Transient myopia | 40 (F) | 50 | 9 days | Epilepsy | NM | NM | 2 days |
| Sen et al33 (USA; 2001; 1) | Acute myopia; retinal striae | 15 (M) | 100 | 2 days | Epilepsy | NM | OD: 8; OS: 6.5 | 1 week |
| Banta et al34 (USA; 2001; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 51 (M) | 150 | 14 days | Bipolardisorder | OD: 32; OS: 38 | NM | 2 weeks |
| Sankar et al35 (USA; 2001; 2) | Acute bilateral ACG | 34 (F) | NM | 14 days | Depression | OD: 51; OS: 45 | OD: 8.75; OS: 7.25 | 6 days |
| 53 (F) | NM | 10 days | Depression | OD: 72; OS: 74 | NM | NM | ||
| Rhee et al36 (USA; 2001; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 43 (F) | NM | 1 day | NM | OD: 29; OS: 30 | OU: 5 | NM |
| Nemet et al37 (Israel; 2002; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 64 (F) | NM | 14 days | Peripheral diabetic neuropathy | NM | NM | NM |
| Zweifler et al38 (USA; 2002; 1) | Myopic shift | 35 (F) | 100 | 4 days | Migraine prophylaxis | NM | NM | 6 days |
| Foroozan and Bouno39 (USA; 2003; 1) | Visual field loss | 32 (F) | 100 | 6 weeks | Migraine | OU: 10 | NA | 12 days |
| Chen et al40 (USA; 2003; 2) | Myopic shift | 42 (F) | NM | 17 days | Epilepsy | NM | OU: 4 | 1 week |
| Acute bilateral ACG | 50 (F) | NM | 14 days | Weight loss | OU: 60 | NM | 1.5 weeks | |
| Medeiros et al41 (USA; 2003; 2) | Acute bilateral ACG | 44 (M) | NM | 5 days | NM | OU: 60 | NM | NM |
| Acute bilateral ACG | 42 (F) | NM | 10 days | Chronic headache | OU: 32 | OD: 3.5; OS: 5.25 | NM | |
| Lin et al42 (USA; 2003; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 5 (F) | NM | 10 days | Epilepsy | OD: 50; OS: 46 | OD: 9.5; OS: 7.5 | NM |
| Coats43 (USA; 2003; 1) | Transient myopia | 8 (M) | NM | 7 days | Migraine | OU: 21 | OU: 6 | 2 days |
| Boentert et al44 (Germany; 2003; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 23 (F) | 50 | 10 days | Epilepsy | OU: 50 | OD: 8; OS: 6 | 10 days |
| Vaphiades and Mason45 (USA; 2004; 1) | Maculopathy | 32 (F) | 400 | 2 weeks | Epilepsy | NA | NA | NA (No recovery) |
| Craig et al46 (Ausatralia; 2004; 2) | Acute bilateral ACG | 25 (F) | 100 | 7 days | Epilepsy | OD: 40; OS: 39 | OD: 5.75; OS: 5.25 | For high IOP: 1 day; For myopia: 1 week |
| Myopic shift | 45 (F) | 50 | 10 days | Epilepsy | Nl | OD: 3; OS: 2.75 | 1 week | |
| Bhattacharyya and Basu47 (India; 2005; 1) | Myopic shift | 40 (F) | 25 | 4 days | Migraine | OD: 22; OS: 20 | OD: 6; OS: 5.5 | 5 days |
| Cereza et al48 (Spain; 2005; 8) | Myopic shift | 19 (F) | 50 | 1 day | Weight loss | NM | OU: 7 | 1 day |
| Myopic shift | 34 (F) | 25 | 6 days | NM | NM | OU: 6 | 7 days | |
| Myopic shift | 40 (F) | 100 | 30 days | Anxiety and weight loss | NM | OU: 5 | 3 days | |
| Myopic shift | 42 (M) | 50 | 2 days | Personality disorder | NM | NM | 24 days | |
| Myopic shift | 23 (M) | 25 | 1 day | Weight loss | NM | NM | 1 day | |
| Myopic shift | 15 (F) | 50 | 5 days | Migraine | NM | NM | 2 days | |
| Acute bilateral ACG | 67 (M) | 25 | 30 days | Neuropathic pain | NM | NM | NM | |
| Acute bilateral ACG | NM (M) | 25 | NM | NM | NM | NM | NM | |
| Mansoor and Jain49 (UK; 2005; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 51 (F) | 25 | 7 days | Migraine | OD: 38; OS: 44 | NM | NM |
| Santmyire-Rosenberger and Albert50 (USA; 2005; 1) | Trichomegaly | 25 (F) | 400 | 4 months | Bipolardisorder | NA | NA | NM |
| Desai et al51 (India; 2006; 1) | Progressive myopic shift | 36 (F) | 25 | 10 days | Migraine | OU: 17 | OD: 5; OS: 4 | 3 days |
| Asensio-Sanchez et al52 (Spain; 2006; 2) | Visual field defect | 16 (F) | 125 | 3 months | Epilepsy | NA | NA | NM |
| Maculopathy | 24 (F) | 150 | 2 months | Epilepsy | NA | NA | NA (no recovery) | |
| Levy et al53 (Israel; 2006; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 35 (F) | 100 | 7 days | Depression | OD: 57; OS: 56 | NM | 5 days |
| Rhee et al54 (USA; 2006; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 35 (F) | 50 | 60 days | Migraine | OD: 88; OS: 82 | OU: 3.5 | <1 day |
| Sachi and Vijaya55 (India; 2006; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 33 (F) | 25 | 21 days | Migraine | OD: 55; OS: 34 | OD: 2; OS: 3.5 | 3 days |
| Viet Tran et al56 (Switzerland; 2006; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG; vitritis; blood–brain barrier disruption | 57 (M) | 50 | 7 days | Bipolar disorder | OU: 28 | OU: 4 | 1 week |
| Evans57 (USA; 2006; 3) | Palinopsia | 57 (F) | 200 | 30 months | Migraine | NA | NA | 23 days |
| Palinopsia | 43 (F) | 75 | 1 month | Migraine | NA | NA | 4 days | |
| Alice in Wonderland Syndrome | 31 (F) | 100 | 1 week | Migraine | NA | NA | 1 month | |
| Guier58 (USA; 2007; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG; retinal striae | 27 (F) | 50 | 14 days | Migraine | OD: 33; OS: 26 | OD: 5.5; OS: 4.5 | 4 days |
| Izambart et al59 (France; 2007; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 44 (F) | 25 | 8 days | Migraine | OD: 31; OS: 32 | OU: 4 | 6 days |
| Palomares et al60 (Canada; 2007; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 29 (F) | NM | 7 days | Migraine | OD: 32; OS;30 | OU: 7 | 5 days |
| Parikh et al61 (India; 2007; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 51 (M) | 50 | 15 days | Epilepsy | OU: 58 | NM | NM |
| Ponz de Tienda et al62 (Spain; 2007; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 21 (F) | 25 | 3 days | Migraine | OU: 50 | NM | NM |
| Rodriguez-Gomez et al63 (Spain; 2007; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 41 (F) | 25 | 3 weeks | Migraine | OU: 36 | NM | NM |
| Pathai et al64 (UK; 2007; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 23 (F) | 50 | 30 days | Migraine | OD: 40; OS: 44 | NM | NM |
| Singh et al65 (Nepal; 2007; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 33 (F) | 50 | 14 days | Migraine | OU: 48 | NM | For high IOP: 3 days |
| Stangler et al66 (Brazil; 2007; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 40 (F) | NM | 10 days | Epilepsy | OD: 40; OS: 38 | OU: 5 | NM |
| Aminlari et al67 (USA; 2008; 2) | Acute bilateral ACG | 48 (F) | NM | 14 days | Chronic pain | OD: 67; OS: 78 | NM | 8 days |
| Acute bilateral ACG | 53 (M) | NM | 6 weeks | Cluster headache | OD: 72; OS: 68 | NM | NM | |
| Boonyaleephan68 (Thailand; 2008; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 23 (F) | 25 | 7 days | Migraine | OD: 33; OS: 32 | OU: 7.5 | 1 week |
| Chalam et al69 (USA; 2008; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 34 (F) | 100 | 7 days | Migraine | OD: 49; OS: 51 | NM | 2 weeks |
| Giuliari et al70 (USA; 2008; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 13 (F) | NM | 7 days | Migraine | OU: 45 | NM | NM |
| Mandal et al71 (India; 2008; 2) | Peripheral visual field loss | 22 (M) | 100 | 7 months | Epilepsy | Nl | NA | NM |
| Bilateral superior arcuate field defects | 21 (M) | 150 | 12 months | Epilepsy | Nl | NA | NM | |
| Tsui et al72 (USA; 2008; 1) | Electronegative ERG | 38 (F) | 400 | 48 months | Epilepsy | NA | NA | NM |
| Fontenelle73 (Brazil; 2008; 1) | Palinopsia | 35 (F) | 100 | NM | Personality disorder | NA | NA | NM |
| Zalta and Smith74 (USA; 2008; 4) | Acute bilateral ACG | 25 (F) | NM | 6 days | Migraine | OD: 40; OS: 40 | NM | NM |
| 24 (F) | NM | 10 days | Migraine | OD: 80; OS: 80 | NM | NM | ||
| 43 (F) | NM | 1 days | Depression | OD: 61; OS: 52 | NM | NM | ||
| 52 (F) | NM | 7 days | Migraine | OD: 59; OS: 59 | NM | NM | ||
| Dey et al75 (India; 2008; 2) | Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment | 43 (F) | 25 | 12 months | Migraine | OU: Nl | NA | NM |
| 37 (F) | 25 | 18 months | Migraine | OU: Nl | NA | NM | ||
| Brandão et al76 (Brazil; 2009; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 32 (F) | 50 | NM | Migraine | OD: 28; OS: 26 | OD: 4.5; OS: 3.5 | NM |
| Cole et al77 (USA; 2009; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 56 (F) | 50 | 2 days | Migraine | OU: 70 | NM | NM |
| Vilar Ventura et al78 (Spain; 2009; 1) | Myopic shift | 30 (F) | 50 | 15 days | Depression | OU: Nl | NM | 7 days |
| Gawley79 (UK; 2009; 1) | Myopic shift | 34 (F) | 50 | 2 days | Migraine | OU: 18 | OD: 2.5; OS: 2.75 | NM |
| Beyenburg et al80 (Belgium; 2009; 1) | Maculopathy | 41 (F) | 150 | 41 months | Epilepsy | Nl | NA | 6 months |
| Sbeity et al81 (USA; 2009; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 59 (F) | 100 | 11 days | Migraine | OD: 45; OS: 43 | NM | NM |
| Spaccapelo et al82 (Italy; 2009; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 34 (M) | 25 | 7 days | Migraine | OU: 40 | OD: 10; OS: 6 | For high IOP: 2 days; For myopia: 8 days |
| Kerimoglu et al83 (Turkey; 2009; 1) | Myopic shift; increased central corneal thickness | 29 (F) | 25 | 10 days | Migraine | OD: 18; OS: 19 | OD: 8; OS: 9 | 3 weeks |
| Acharya et al84 (India; 2010; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG; anterioruveitis | 49 (M) | NM | 14 days | Alcohol deaddiction | OU: 37 | NM | 6 weeks |
| Natesh et al85 (India; 2010; 1) | Acute bilateralACG; macular striae; myopia | 23 (M) | 25 | 5 days | Migraine | OU: 24 | OU: 6 | NM |
| Tahiri Joutei Hassani et al86 (France; 2010; 1) | Acute bilateralACG | 68 (F) | NM | 1 month | Migraine | OD: 40; OS: 45 | NM | 4 days |
| Senthil et al87 (India; 2010; 1) | Acute bilateralACG | 28 (F) | 50 | 4 days | Migraine | OU: 34 | OU: 5 | 3 days |
| Van Issum et al88 (Switzerland; 2011; 1) | Acute bilateralACG | 34 (M) | NM | 2 weeks | Epilepsy | OD: 34; OS: 40 | OU: 6 | 4 days |
| Jabbarpoor Bonyadi et al89 (Iran; 2011; 1) | Acute bilateralACG; bilateral anterior uveitis with hypopyon | 40 (F) | 75 | 7 days | Migraine | OU: 60 | OD: 5; OS: 6 | NM |
| Pai and Rajashekaran90 (India; 2011; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 40 (M) | 100 | 7 days | Alcohol deaddiction | OD: 48; OS: 46 | NM | 7 days |
| Tanaka et al91 (Japan; 2011; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 38 (F) | 25 | 7 days | Migraine | OD: 35; OS: 36 | NM | 4 days |
| Willett and Edward92 (USA; 2011; 1) | Acute bilateral ACG | 39 (M) | 50 | 1 day | Migraine | OU: 70 | OD: 5; OS: NM | NM |
| Muether et al93 (Germany; 2011; 1) | Myopic shift | 38 (F) | 25 | 8 days | Migraine | NM | OD: 5; OS: 6.5 | NM |
| Dorronzoro et al94 (Spain; 2011; 1) | Myopia; retinal striae | 23 (F) | 50 | 1 day | Migraine | OU: 18 | OU: 4 | 1 week |
| Jurgens et al95 (Germany; 2011; 1) | Alice in Wonderland syndrome | 17 (F) | 75 | 4 months | Migraine | NA | NA | 1 week |
| Dehghani et al96 (Iran; 2011; 1) | Bilateral choroidal detachment | 79 (M) | 50 | 14 days | Essential tremor | OD 10; OS: 11 | Nl | NM |
Abbreviations: ACG, angle closure glaucoma; ERG, electroretinography; IOP, intraocular pressure; NA, not applicable; Nl, normal; NM, not mentioned; OD, right eye; OS, left eye; OU, both eyes.
Note: Age of patients is reported in years.