Table 2. Effects of defoliation (0, 25% or 50% of leaf area removed), plant category (vegetative rosette defoliated early in the season, bolting plant defoliated early in the season, or flowering plant defoliated a month later; fixed effects), block (random effect), and proportion of leaf area removed by herbivores before the defoliation treatment on the number of seeds and mean seed mass of Arabidopsis thaliana in the second experiment analyzed with mixed-model ANOVA.
| Source | Number of seeds | Mean seed mass |
| F or χ 2 | F or χ 2 | |
| Defoliation | 3.4* | 1.1 |
| Plant category | 164.6*** | 22.2*** |
| Defoliation × plant category | 2.5* | 0.8 |
| Block | 60.4*** | 3.5* |
| Damage before treatment | 1.0 | 0.1 |
The response variables were log-transformed prior to analysis. F is given for all independent variables except block, for which χ 2 is given.
*P<0.05,
***P<0.001.