Table 3. The effects of defoliation (fixed effect), block (random effect), and proportion of leaf area removed by herbivores before the defoliation treatment on the number of seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana in the second experiment analyzed with mixed models separately by plant category (vegetative rosette defoliated early in the season, bolting plant defoliated early in the season, or flowering plant defoliated a month later).

Source	Vegetative	Bolting	Flowering
	F or χ 2	F or χ 2	F or χ 2
Defoliation	6.4*	0.5	0.2
Block	18.4**	6.1*	40.0***
Damage before treatment	1.1	2.6	3.0

The response variables were log-transformed prior to analysis. F is given for all independent variables except block, for which χ ² is given.

*P<0.05,

**P<0.01,

***P<0.001.