Table 5.
Difference (95% CI) in eGFR levels (milliliters per minute per 1.73 m2) comparing a 2-fold increase in blood cadmium by sex and other participant characteristics.
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subgroup | n | Difference (95% CI) | p-Value for interactiona | n | Difference (95% CI) | p-Value for interactiona | ||||||
| Overall | 955 | 0.68 (–0.47, 1.84) | 954 | –1.51 (–2.61, –0.40) | ||||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||||||||
| < 40 | 337 | 0.78 (–0.90, 2.46) | 0.61 | 365 | –2.46 (–4.16, –0.77) | 0.06 | ||||||
| 40–60 | 456 | 0.72 (–1.19, 2.63) | 411 | –1.20 (–2.85, 0.46) | ||||||||
| > 60 | 162 | –1.53 (–5.07, 2.01) | 178 | 0.11 (–2.40, 2.62) | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
| < 25 | 574 | 0.36 (–1.25, 1.96) | 0.21 | 656 | –1.81 (–3.10, –0.53) | 0.65 | ||||||
| ≥ 25 | 381 | 1.11 (–0.66, 2.88) | 298 | –1.08 (–2.91, 0.75) | ||||||||
| Education | ||||||||||||
| < High school | 235 | –0.51 (–3.30, 2.28) | 0.026 | 384 | –0.30 (–2.04, 1.45) | 0.13 | ||||||
| High school | 409 | 0.09 (–1.78, 1.96) | 374 | –2.38 (–3.88, –0.87) | ||||||||
| > High school | 311 | 2.27 (0.88, 3.66) | 196 | –2.18 (–4.27, –0.09) | ||||||||
| Region | ||||||||||||
| Metropolitan | 356 | 0.53 (–1.21, 2.27) | 0.51 | 413 | –1.30 (–2.77, 0.16) | 0.87 | ||||||
| Urban | 391 | 2.34 (0.40, 4.27) | 332 | –2.46 (–4.42, –0.50) | ||||||||
| Rural | 208 | –2.45 (–5.42, 0.51) | 209 | –0.87 (–3.65, 1.91) | ||||||||
| Smoking | ||||||||||||
| Never | 138 | 2.61 (0.25, 4.97) | 0.18 | 861 | –1.35 (–2.50, –0.21) | 0.83 | ||||||
| Former | 343 | 0.14 (–2.07, 2.36) | 42 | –6.28 (–10.77, –1.78) | ||||||||
| Current | 474 | 0.38 (–1.23, 2.00) | 51 | 0.41 (–3.12, 3.95) | ||||||||
| Alcohol intake | ||||||||||||
| Never | 50 | –6.78 (–14.61, 1.04) | 0.052 | 177 | –1.34 (–4.04, 1.35) | 0.63 | ||||||
| Former | 86 | 0.58 (–3.93, 5.09) | 112 | –3.07 (–5.87, –0.27) | ||||||||
| Current | 819 | 1.19 (0.03, 2.35) | 665 | –1.51 (–2.66, –0.35) | ||||||||
| Blood lead (μg/dL) | ||||||||||||
| ≤ 2.75 | 350 | –1.14 (–3.35, 1.07) | 0.048 | 567 | –1.57 (–3.16, 0.01) | 0.78 | ||||||
| > 2.75 | 605 | 1.84 (0.54, 3.14) | 387 | –1.36 (–2.70, –0.01) | ||||||||
| Adjustment included age, BMI, education level, region (metropolitan, urban, rural), smoking (never, former, current), drinking (never, former, current), and blood lead (log transformed). ap-Value for interaction was estimated including an interaction term between log-transformed blood cadmium and the corresponding group of categories. | ||||||||||||