Table 3.
RR for mortality related to long-term exposure to PM2.5 and EC per 1 μg/m3.
| Correlation (R) PM–BCPa | RR (95% CI) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Cohort | Cause | PM2.5 | EC | ||||||
| Filleul et al. 2005b,c | 14,284 adults; age 25–59 years; France | 0.87d | Natural causese | 1.010 (1.004, 1.016) | 1.06 (1.03, 1.09) | |||||
| Cardiopulmonary | 1.012 (1.002, 1.023) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.11) | ||||||||
| Lung cancer | 1.000 (0.983, 1.019) | 1.03 (0.93, 1.14) | ||||||||
| Lipfert et al. 2006 | 70,000 male U.S. veterans | 0.54 | All causes | 1.006 (0.993, 1.020) | 1.18 (1.05, 1.33) | |||||
| Beelen et al. 2008b | 120,852 adults; age 55–69 years; the Netherlands | 0.82 | Natural causese | 1.006 (0.997, 1.015) | 1.05 (1.00, 1.10) | |||||
| Respiratory | 1.007 (0.972, 1.043) | 1.20 (0.99, 1.45) | ||||||||
| Cardiovascular | 1.004 (0.990, 1.019) | 1.04 (0.95, 1.12) | ||||||||
| Lung cancer | 1.006 (0.980, 1.033) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.18) | ||||||||
| Other | 1.008 (0.996, 1.021) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) | ||||||||
| Smith et al. 2009 | 500,000 adults; age 20–87 years; USA | NA | All causes | 1.006 (1.002, 1.010) | 1.06 (1.01, 1.11) | |||||
| Cardiopulmonary | 1.012 (1.008, 1.018) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) | ||||||||
| Pooled effect (random)f | All causes | 1.007 (1.004, 1.009) | 1.06 (1.04, 1.09) | |||||||
| NA, not available. aCoefficient of the correlation (R) between PM and BCP. bRR for EC in European studies estimated from BS as 10 μg/m3 BS = 1.1 μg/m3. cRR for PM2.5 estimated from TSP as PM2.5 = 0.5 × TSP (Verhoeff et al. 1996; Van der Zee et al. 1998). dFor all 24 sites, whereas RR presented for 18 sites (nontraffic). eInternational Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (World Health Organization 1975), codes < 800. fPooled effect when using 10 μg/m3 BS = 1.8 μg/m3: 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.07); when using 10 μg/m3 BS = 0.5 μg/m3: 1.11 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.16). | ||||||||||