Table 2.

Oncogenes involved in ACC pathogenesis

Type	Protein	Normal Function	Role in ACC
Developmental proteins	Sox4	Proper development of the cardiac outflow tract, pro-B-lymphocyte differentiation, and CNS development23, 24	Cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis25 Possibly plays role in metastasis27
	c-kit	Binds stem cell factor and promotes cell growth and differentiation29 Hematopoiesis, spermatogenesis, and growth and migration of melanocytes30,31	Expression correlates with tumor grade32 Acts with Slug to control cell migration42 Associated with advanced stage, perineural invasion, local regional recurrence and metastases40
	MYB	Various; cell cycle regulation	Fusion MYB-NFIB transcripts causes MYB overexpression9,10,11
Growth factors	EGF/ EGFR	Various; cell proliferation and survival	Cell survival, proliferation, oncogenesis, and metastasis48,49,50, EGFR expression correlates with tumor grade but not patient prognosis52
	VEGF/ VEGFR	Angiogenesis53,54	Increases microvessel density56,57 Prognosticator of survival56,58
	BDNF and NGF	Neutrophins; promote survival, differentiation, and function of neurons44.	Facilitating perineural invasion44,61
Signaling molecules	Wnt/ 6-catenin	Activates genes important for growth and proliferation65,66	Reduced membranous expression of 6-cotentn associated with metastasis67 Expression of Galectin-3, a regulator of Wnt/β- catenin69, is associated with metastases and a more aggressive tumor phenotype69,72