Table 1.

Comparison of principles of family-centered care

Categories of principles	MCHB [12]	Institute for Patient- and Family-Centered Care (IPFCC) [13]	AAP [2] and IPFCC Joint statement	Cronin/Shaller [90]	Common principles
Information sharing	Open and objective communication and information sharing	Information sharing: complete and unbiased information sharing that is “affirming and useful”	Sharing honest and unbiased information in ways “useful and affirming”	Free flow and accessibility of information	Open and objective information sharing between families and providers
Respect and honoring differences	All respect the skills and expertise brought to relationship Honors cultural diversity and family traditions	Dignity and respect: honor patient and family perspectives and choices, including knowledge, values, beliefs, and cultural backgrounds	Respecting each child and his or her family Honoring racial, ethnic, cultural, and socioeconomic diversity, and its effect on families experience and perception of care Recognizing and building on strengths of child and family	Respect for patient needs and preferences Sensitivity to nonmedical and spiritual dimensions	Mutual respect for family preferences, skills, and expertise Sensitivity to cultural and spiritual dimensions
Partnership and collaboration	Families and professionals work together in best interests of child and family, with child assuming a partnership role as s/he grows; there is an individual and developmental approach Partnership between families and professional is the foundation of FCC	Participation: patients and families encouraged and supported in participating in care and decision making at the level they choose	Collaborating with families at all levels of health care, in the care of child, professional education, policy making, and program development Support and facilitate choice about approaches to care and support Providing/ensuring formal and informal support for patient and family at all ages	Collaboration and team management Education/shared knowledge	Partnership and collaboration in decision making, meeting the the needs, strengths, values, and abilities of all Decisions are made including families at the level they choose
Negotiation	Participants make decisions together There is a willingness to negotiate Trust is acknowledged as fundamental		Empowering families to discover their own strengths, build confidence, and make choices and decisions about their health	Involvement of family and friends	Partnership and collaboration between team members
Care in context of family and community	Develops policies, practices, and systems that are family-friendly/centered in all settings Recognizes importance of community-based services	Collaboration: patients and families included on an institution-wide basis on program development, implementation and evaluation, facility design, and professional education	Flexibility in organization policies, procedures, and practices so services can be tailored to needs, beliefs, and cultural values of child and family		Incorporation of families at all levels of care, including encounter, institution, and policy settings