Table 2.
Linear regression analyses assessing potential baseline and step-data predictors of waist circumference change
| Group | Predictor Variable | n | Crude WC change | Univariate | Multivariable Approach 1a | Multivariable Approach 2b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WC change (cm) | P-value | WC change (cm) | P-value | WC change (cm) | P-value | ||||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | |||||||||
| 1 | Age (year) | 539 | - | -0.02 | 0.5 | -0.02 | 0.5 | -0.02 | 0.5 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 305 | -1.78 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Male | 234 | -1.33 | 0.45 | 0.4 | 0.48 | 0.4 | 0.48 | 0.4 | |
| 2 | Socio Economic Status (by SEIFA %) | ||||||||
| Most Advantaged | 189 | -1.46 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Advantaged | 224 | -1.50 | -0.04 | 0.9 | -0.16 | 0.7 | -0.16 | 0.7 | |
| Disadvantaged | 92 | -1.83 | -0.37 | 0.8 | -0.49 | 0.6 | -0.49 | 0.6 | |
| Most Disadvantaged | 33 | -2.68 | -1.21 | 0.5 | -1.07 | 0.4 | -1.07 | 0.4 | |
| Tertiary Education | |||||||||
| Not completed | 115 | -0.04 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Completed | 423 | -2.04 | -2.00 | 0.046 | -2.13 | 0.016 | -2.13 | 0.016 | |
| Occupation | |||||||||
| Professional | 221 | -1.61 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Associate professional | 97 | -2.41 | -0.80 | 0.09 | -1.05 | 0.09 | -1.05 | 0.09 | |
| Manager | 96 | -1.71 | -0.10 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.9 | |
| Clerical or Service | 76 | -1.10 | 0.51 | 0.7 | 0.15 | 0.9 | 0.15 | 0.9 | |
| Marital Status | |||||||||
| Married/de facto | 366 | -1.38 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 46 | -3.21 | -1.84 | 0.07 | -1.62 | 0.2 | -1.62 | 0.2 | |
| Never married | 120 | -1.85 | -0.47 | 0.7 | -0.46 | 0.6 | -0.46 | 0.6 | |
| BASELINE MEASURES | |||||||||
| 3 | Prior GCC® Participationc | 532 | -1.62 | 0.08 | 0.9 | 0.09 | 0.8 | 0.09 | 0.8 |
| Reasons for Participationc | |||||||||
| Health | 531 | -1.94 | -0.93 | 0.09 | -0.71 | 0.3 | -0.71 | 0.3 | |
| To look my best | 531 | -1.82 | -0.45 | 0.1 | -0.27 | 0.3 | -0.27 | 0.3 | |
| Fitness | 531 | -1.75 | -0.36 | 0.2 | -0.09 | 0.7 | -0.09 | 0.7 | |
| Colleagues | 531 | -1.72 | -0.20 | 0.6 | -0.24 | 0.7 | -0.24 | 0.7 | |
| Friends or family | 531 | -2.14 | -0.52 | 0.6 | -0.92 | 0.4 | -0.92 | 0.4 | |
| Behavioural Measures | |||||||||
| 4 | Fruit Intake | ||||||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 364 | -1.21 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 168 | -2.58 | -1.37 | 0.06 | -1.04 | 0.09 | -1.01 | 0.1 | |
| Vegetable Intake | |||||||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 455 | -1.49 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 77 | -2.56 | -1.08 | 0.06 | -0.38 | 0.6 | -0.51 | 0.5 | |
| Takeaway Dinner | |||||||||
| Once or less per month | 246 | -1.68 | reference | ||||||
| About once a week | 214 | -1.63 | 0.05 | 0.9 | -0.70 | 0.2 | -0.62 | 0.3 | |
| More than once a week | 72 | -1.56 | 0.12 | 0.9 | -0.67 | 0.6 | -0.61 | 0.6 | |
| Alcohol | |||||||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 307 | -1.42 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 225 | -1.95 | -0.54 | 0.2 | -0.58 | 0.035 | -0.65 | 0.016 | |
| Tobacco | |||||||||
| Smoker | 50 | -1.00 | reference | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 482 | -1.71 | -0.71 | 0.4 | 0.13 | 0.9 | 0.32 | 0.7 | |
| Physical Activity | |||||||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 322 | -1.49 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 209 | -1.87 | -0.38 | 0.5 | 0.00 | 1.0 | -0.10 | 0.9 | |
| Sitting Time (per hour per day) | |||||||||
| Weekday | 530 | - | 0.19 | 0.015 | 0.09 | 0.048 | 0.10 | 0.06 | |
| Weekend | 529 | - | 0.12 | 0.026 | 0.28 | 0.018 | 0.28 | 0.025 | |
| Psychosocial Measures | |||||||||
| 5 | Physical Functioning (SF12) | 523 | - | -0.06 | 0.09 | -0.05 | 0.08 | -0.05 | 0.2 |
| Mental Functioning (SF12) | 523 | - | 0.00 | 0.9 | -0.02 | 0.6 | -0.01 | 0.5 | |
| Anthropometric Measuresd | |||||||||
| 6 | Blood Pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Systolic | 517 | - | -0.01 | 0.5 | 0.00 | 1.0 | 0.00 | 0.9 | |
| Diastolic | 517 | - | 0.03 | 0.2 | -0.03 | 0.6 | -0.03 | 0.5 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 90 | -1.72 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 427 | -1.51 | 0.20 | 0.6 | |||||
| Heart rate (Mean, SD) | 517 | - | -0.03 | 0.3 | -0.02 | 0.5 | -0.04 | 0.2 | |
| Weight (Mean, SD)e | 537 | - | -0.02 | 0.4 | |||||
| Body Mass Index | |||||||||
| Body Mass Index | 222 | - | -0.07 | 0.08 | -0.08 | 0.08 | -0.08 | 0.08 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 315 | -1.68 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 222 | -1.51 | 0.17 | 0.8 | |||||
| Waist circumferencef | |||||||||
| Waist circumference | 539 | - | -0.12 | 0.001 | |||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 288 | -2.86 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 251 | -0.12 | 2.74 | 0.001 | |||||
| Biomedical Measures (fasting)d | |||||||||
| 7 | Total Cholesterol | ||||||||
| Total Cholesterol | 535 | - | 0.20 | 0.4 | 0.49 | 0.034 | 0.38 | 0.029 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 150 | -1.66 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 385 | -1.63 | 0.03 | 1.0 | |||||
| Glucose | |||||||||
| Glucose | 535 | - | 0.12 | 0.3 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 0.02 | 0.09 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 20 | 0.05 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 535 | 1.49 | 4.23 | 0.3 | |||||
| Triglycerides | |||||||||
| Triglycerides | 535 | - | 0.83 | 0.7 | 0.49 | 0.1 | 0.99 | 1.0 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 109 | 0.10 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 426 | 2.43 | 2.33 | 0.1 | |||||
| Predicted risk scoresd | |||||||||
| 8 | Cardiovascular disease risk (next 10 years) | ||||||||
| CVD risk (continuous) | 504 | - | -0.03 | 0.6 | -0.08 | 0.2 | -0.11 | 0.4 | |
| Low-risk | 452 | -1.61 | reference | ||||||
| Intermediate-risk | 45 | -1.76 | -0.14 | 0.9 | |||||
| High-risk | 7 | -2.91 | -1.30 | 0.056 | |||||
| Diabetes risk (next 5 years)f | |||||||||
| Diabetes risk (continuous) | 529 | - | -0.09 | 0.09 | |||||
| Low-risk | 202 | -1.26 | reference | ||||||
| Intermediate-risk | 276 | -1.55 | -0.28 | 0.6 | |||||
| High-risk | 51 | -3.45 | -2.19 | 0.004 | |||||
| WORKPLACE CHARACTERISTICSg | |||||||||
| 9 | Public ownership (vs. private) | 539 | -2.00 | -0.67 | 0.4 | -0.57 | 0.2 | -0.37 | 0.5 |
| Outer city location (vs. inner city) | 539 | -2.22 | -0.37 | 0.7 | 0.16 | 0.8 | 0.06 | 1.0 | |
| PROCESS MEASURES | |||||||||
| Step datad | |||||||||
| 10 | Step average per day (per 10,000 steps) | 538 | - | -0.20 | 0.7 | -0.25 | 0.8 | 0.12 | 0.9 |
| <10,000 steps average (per day) | 179 | -1.48 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting ≥10,000 steps average (per day) | 359 | -1.65 | -0.17 | 0.7 | |||||
a Associated risk-factor subgroups adjusted only for baseline demographic confounders
b Associated risk-factor subgroups adjusted for all potential predictors within the analysis step and above
c The reference group for this binary variable is 'no'. The reference group data is not shown.
d Continuous variables chosen over categorical variables
e Excluded due to the inclusion of body mass index (BMI)
f Excluded from model as baseline WC was not considered as a predictor.
g The reference group for this binary variable is shown in brackets. The reference group data is not shown.