Table 3.
Linear regression assessing baseline variables associated with WC change in participants not meeting WC guidelines
| Group | Predictor Variable | n | Crude WC change | Univariate | Multivariable Approach 1a | Multivariable Approach 2b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WC change (cm) | P-value | WC change (cm) | P-value | WC change (cm) | P-value | ||||
| DEMOGRAPHICS | |||||||||
| 1 | Age (year) | 288 | - | 0.03 | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.4 | 0.03 | 0.4 |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Female | 185 | -2.94 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Male | 103 | -2.73 | 0.21 | 0.6 | 0.16 | 0.7 | 0.16 | 0.7 | |
| 2 | Socio Economic Status (by SEIFA %) | ||||||||
| Most Advantaged | 95 | -2.84 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Advantaged | 122 | -2.61 | 0.23 | 0.8 | 0.32 | 0.6 | 0.32 | 0.6 | |
| Disadvantaged | 52 | -2.82 | 0.02 | 1.0 | 0.31 | 0.9 | 0.31 | 0.9 | |
| Most Disadvantaged | 18 | -5.78 | -2.94 | 0.1 | -2.11 | 0.3 | -2.11 | 0.3 | |
| Tertiary Education | |||||||||
| Not completed | 69 | -1.08 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Completed | 219 | -3.43 | -2.35 | 0.018 | -2.35 | 0.017 | -2.35 | 0.017 | |
| Occupation | |||||||||
| Professional | 105 | -2.34 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Associate professional | 53 | -4.13 | -1.79 | 0.06 | -1.89 | 0.1 | -1.89 | 0.1 | |
| Manager | 55 | -3.52 | -1.18 | 0.08 | -1.00 | 0.2 | -1.00 | 0.2 | |
| Clerical or Service | 48 | -2.84 | -0.50 | 0.7 | -1.06 | 0.4 | -1.06 | 0.4 | |
| Marital Status | |||||||||
| Married/de facto | 200 | -2.45 | reference | reference | reference | ||||
| Widowed/separated/divorced | 26 | -4.82 | -2.37 | 0.2 | -2.42 | 0.2 | -2.42 | 0.2 | |
| Never married | 60 | -3.48 | -1.02 | 0.3 | -0.36 | 0.6 | -0.36 | 0.6 | |
| BASELINE MEASURES | |||||||||
| 3 | Prior GCC® Participationc | 286 | -2.86 | 0.08 | 0.8 | -0.04 | 0.9 | -0.04 | 0.9 |
| Reasons for Participationc | |||||||||
| Health | 286 | -2.82 | 0.27 | 0.8 | 0.14 | 0.9 | 0.14 | 0.9 | |
| To look my best | 286 | -2.80 | 0.32 | 0.5 | 0.32 | 0.6 | 0.32 | 0.6 | |
| Fitness | 286 | -2.75 | 0.49 | 0.4 | 0.07 | 0.9 | 0.07 | 0.9 | |
| Colleagues | 286 | -3.24 | -0.81 | 0.053 | -0.72 | 0.3 | -0.72 | 0.3 | |
| Friends or family | 286 | -4.01 | -1.15 | 0.2 | -1.10 | 0.3 | -1.10 | 0.3 | |
| Behavioural Measures | |||||||||
| 4 | Fruit Intake | ||||||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 188 | -2.42 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 98 | -3.77 | -1.34 | 0.027 | -0.96 | 0.3 | -0.96 | 0.3 | |
| Vegetable Intake | |||||||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 244 | -2.77 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 42 | -3.52 | -0.75 | 0.4 | 0.40 | 0.8 | 0.32 | 0.8 | |
| Takeaway Dinner | |||||||||
| Once or less per month | 132 | -0.55 | reference | ||||||
| About once a week | 117 | -1.34 | -0.79 | 0.2 | -0.63 | 0.2 | -0.52 | 0.2 | |
| More than once a week | 37 | -3.11 | -2.55 | 0.7 | -0.85 | 0.7 | -0.73 | 0.7 | |
| Alcohol | |||||||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 159 | -2.95 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 127 | -2.80 | 0.15 | 0.8 | -0.28 | 0.6 | -0.28 | 0.6 | |
| Tobacco | |||||||||
| Smoker | 32 | -1.30 | reference | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 254 | -3.03 | -1.73 | 0.2 | 0.38 | 0.7 | 0.49 | 0.6 | |
| Physical Activity | |||||||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 178 | -2.45 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 108 | -3.60 | -1.15 | 0.2 | -0.92 | 0.3 | -0.94 | 0.3 | |
| Sitting Time (per hour per day) | |||||||||
| Weekday | 286 | - | 0.15 | 0.2 | 0.11 | 0.4 | 0.12 | 0.4 | |
| Weekend | 282 | - | 0.26 | 0.2 | 0.23 | 0.3 | 0.23 | 0.3 | |
| Psychosocial Measures | |||||||||
| 5 | Physical Functioning (SF12) | 282 | - | -0.11 | 0.049 | -0.09 | 0.02 | -0.07 | 0.2 |
| Mental Functioning (SF12) | 282 | - | 0.00 | 1.0 | -0.03 | 0.3 | -0.02 | 0.5 | |
| Anthropometric Measuresd | |||||||||
| 6 | Blood Pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
| Systolic | 273 | - | 0.02 | 0.4 | 0.00 | 1.0 | 0.00 | 0.9 | |
| Diastolic | 273 | - | 0.02 | 0.6 | -0.01 | 0.8 | -0.02 | 0.6 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 56 | -2.21 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 217 | -3.03 | -0.82 | 0.3 | |||||
| Heart rate (Mean, SD) | 288 | - | -0.02 | 0.6 | -0.02 | 0.7 | -0.02 | 0.7 | |
| Weight (Mean, SD)e | 288 | - | 0.02 | 0.5 | |||||
| Body Mass Index | |||||||||
| Body Mass Index | 288 | - | 0.13 | 0.2 | 0.12 | 0.3 | 0.08 | 0.5 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 238 | -2.49 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 50 | -4.63 | -2.14 | 0.1 | |||||
| Waist circumferencef | |||||||||
| Waist circumference | 288 | - | -0.05 | 0.2 | |||||
| Not meeting guidelines | 288 | n/a | |||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 0 | ||||||||
| Biomedical Measures (fasting)d | |||||||||
| 7 | Total Cholesterol | ||||||||
| Total Cholesterol | 285 | - | 0.47 | 0.2 | 0.79 | 0.051 | 0.86 | 0.014 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 89 | -2.71 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 196 | -2.94 | -0.23 | 0.7 | |||||
| Glucose | |||||||||
| Glucose | 285 | - | 2.29 | 0.8 | 0.22 | 0.6 | 0.03 | 0.3 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 18 | 0.06 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 267 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 1.0 | |||||
| Triglycerides | |||||||||
| Triglycerides | 285 | - | 1.31 | 0.6 | 0.47 | 0.2 | 0.45 | 0.2 | |
| Not meeting guidelines | 73 | 0.03 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting guidelines | 212 | 1.96 | 1.93 | 0.4 | |||||
| Predicted risk scoresd | |||||||||
| 8 | Cardiovascular disease risk (next 10 years) | ||||||||
| CVD risk (continuous) | 267 | - | 0.09 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.7 | 0.02 | 0.9 | |
| Low-risk | 227 | -2.89 | reference | ||||||
| Intermediate-risk | 33 | -2.79 | 0.09 | 0.9 | |||||
| High-risk | 7 | -2.91 | -0.03 | 1.0 | |||||
| Diabetes risk (next 5 years)f | |||||||||
| Diabetes risk (continuous) | 285 | - | 0.06 | 0.3 | |||||
| Low-risk | 67 | -3.79 | reference | ||||||
| Intermediate-risk | 173 | -2.34 | 1.45 | 0.033 | |||||
| High-risk | 45 | -3.55 | 0.24 | 0.6 | |||||
| WORKPLACE CHARACTERISTICSg | |||||||||
| 9 | Public ownership (vs. private) | 288 | -2.66 | 0.36 | 0.6 | 0.09 | 0.9 | 0.06 | 0.9 |
| Outer city location (vs. inner city) | 288 | -3.08 | -0.68 | 0.4 | -0.96 | 0.3 | -1.34 | 0.2 | |
| PROCESS MEASURES | |||||||||
| Step datad | |||||||||
| 10 | Step average per day (per 10,000 steps) | 288 | - | -1.04 | 0.08 | -1.40 | 0.07 | -0.55 | 0.6 |
| <10,000 steps average (per day) | 190 | -2.13 | reference | ||||||
| Meeting ≥10,000 steps average (per day) | 190 | -3.24 | -1.11 | 0.049 | |||||
a Associated risk-factor subgroups adjusted only for baseline demographic confounders
b Associated risk-factor subgroups adjusted for all potential predictors within the analysis Group and above
c The reference group for this binary variable is 'no'. The reference group data is not shown.
d Continuous variables chosen over categorical variables
e Excluded due to the inclusion of body mass index (BMI)
f Excluded from model as baseline WC was not considered as a predictor.
g The reference group for this binary variable is shown in brackets. The reference group data is not shown.
Note: For participants not meeting WC guidelines at baseline