Schematic of PES surface modification: (a) PES nanofibre was grafted with poly(acrylic acid) followed by conjugation of EDA and (b) one-step grafting of poly(AEMA-co-AAc) copolymer. PES, polyether sulphone; AAc, acrylic acid; DCC, N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; NHS, N-hydroxysuccinimide; EDA, ethylenediamine; AEMA, 2-aminoethyl methacrylate; ran, random copolymer.