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. 2011 Aug 17;9(68):586–595. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0377

Table 1.

Results of the angles of separation between initial tunnels. n, sample size; Inline graphic, mean resultant vector length, asterisks indicate p < 0.05; Inline graphic, critical value for Inline graphic depending on the relevant sample size at a significance level of 0.05; Inline graphic, mean sample direction; Inline graphic, hypothetical optimal angle of separation between tunnels; κ, concentration parameter for the value of Inline graphic; Inline graphic confidence interval for the mean sample direction.

initial number of tunnels n Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic Inline graphic κ Inline graphic
2 14 0.801* 0.46 180.0° 180° 2.871 160.2–199.8°
3 24 0.855* 0.35 119.8° 120° 3.680 106.8–132.7°
4 12 0.933* 0.49 89.6° 90° 7.426 77.2–101.9°