Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Study Population
| Characteristic | Usual Care (n = 88) | Intervention (n = 92) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age, mean (SD) y | 57.1 (9.6) | 57.8 (9.4) | .63 |
| African American, n (%) | 48 (54.5) | 54 (58.7) | .30 |
| White, n (%) | 36 (40.9) | 29 (31.5) | |
| Hispanic, n (%) | 3 (3.4) | 4 (4.3) | |
| Other, n (%) | 1 (1.1) | 5 (5.4) | |
| Sex, women n (%) | 58 (65.9) | 64 (69.6) | .64 |
| Less than high school education, n (%) | 15 (17.0) | 14 (15.2) | .84 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | |||
| Years of diabetes, mean (SD) | 12.0 (11.8) | 10.5 (10.2) | .35 |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 7.0 (1.9) | 7.2 (1.8) | .51 |
| Depression | |||
| PHQ-9 score, mean (SD)a | 9.9 (7.2) | 10.6 (7.9) | .54 |
| Medications | |||
| Number of medications, mean (SD) | 10.1 (5.1) | 9.8 (4.5) | .66 |
| ≥ 80% adherent to oral hypoglycemic agent, n (%) | 37 (42.0) | 33 (35.9) | .45 |
| ≥ 80% adherent to antidepressant, n (%) | 34 (39.0) | 28 (30.4) | .27 |
| Functional status (SF-36) scoreb | |||
| Physical function, mean (SD) | 53.6 (31.7) | 50.8 (32.6) | .56 |
| Social function, mean (SD) | 67.7 (39.9) | 76.6 (36.9) | .12 |
| Role physical, mean (SD) | 49.4 (46.7) | 59.5 (46.6) | .15 |
| Role emotional, mean (SD) | 65.9 (46.0) | 67.8 (44.6) | .79 |
| Bodily pain, mean (SD) | 42.3 (31.4) | 50.9 (31.7) | .07 |
| Cognitive status | |||
| MMSE score, mean (SD)c | 28.2 (2.3) | 28.2 (2.3) | .99 |
| Cardiovascular disease risk factors | |||
| Systolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 132.3 (21.4) | 133.9 (20.4) | .62 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hg | 77.0 (11.4) | 76.6 (11.1) | .85 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 33.8 (8.3) | 34.5 (10.8) | .62 |
| LDL cholesterol,d mean (SD), mg/dL | 96.9 (27.4) | 95.6 (33.4) | .77 |
HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MMSE = Mini-Mental State Examination; PHQ-9 = 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire; SF-36 = Medical Outcomes Study Short Form.
Note: P Values represent comparisons according to the Fisher exact test and t tests for categorical or continuous data, respectively.
a
Scored on a range from 0 to 27, where lower scores represent fewer depressive symptoms.
b
Scored on a range from 0 to 100, where lower scores represent functional impairment.
c
Scored on a range from 0 to 30, where lower scores represent cognitive impairment.
d
n = 175 because of missing values.