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Schematic representation of hormonal regulation of metastasis. ERα-mediated signaling involves nuclear as well as extranuclear actions and growth factor signaling cross talk. Estrogen signaling has the potential to activate extranuclear signaling that activates several kinase cascades, which have potential to alter cytoskeleton, EMT and enhance cell migration. Deregulation of ERα-mediated signaling crosstalk will have implications in estrogen-mediated tumor progression to metastasis.
