Table A10.
Effects of Smoking and Area-level Prenatal and Obstetric Care Characteristics on Child Neurodevelopment in the Alternative Specifications including Area-level Characteristics
| High Neurodevelopment Riska | Neurodevelopment Ratea | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probit | Biprobit | Probit | IV Probit | OLS | 2SLS | OLS | 2SLS | |
| Smoking during Pregnancy | 0.056**(0.023) | 0.494*** (0.157) | −2.335** (0.992) | −20.529 (25.018) | ||||
| Number of cigarettes during pregnancy | 0.005** (0.002) | 0.035(0.026) | −0.208** (0.093) | −2.291** (0.911) | ||||
| Cesarean delivery rate | −0.448*** (0.152) | −0.432*** (0.144) | −0.445*** (0.152) | −0.387** (0.151) | 18.327*** (6.224) | 15.665*** (5.828) | 18.276*** (6.241) | 14.341*** (5.225) |
| Average number of prenatal visits | −0.015 (0.013) | −0.015 (0.013) | −0.015 (0.013) | −0.012 (0.013) | 0.720 (0.566) | 0.597 (0.497) | 0.715 (0.559) | 0.499 (0.519) |
| Average number of weeks delayed before initiating prenatal care | −0.034*** (0.012) | −0.033*** (0.012) | −0.034*** (0.012) | −0.029** (0.012) | 1.113*** (0.386) | 0.914** (0.381) | 1.104*** (0.375) | 0.764** (0.368) |
| Average number of ultrasounds during pregnancy | −0.057*** (0.022) | −0.058*** (0.021) | −0.058*** (0.022) | −0.061*** (0.023) | 1.203 (1.068) | 0.956 (1.011) | 1.240 (1.062) | 1.297 (1.038) |
| Medication use rate during pregnancy | 0.167 (0.116) | 0.163 (0.118) | 0.172 (0.116) | 0.194* (0.116) | −7.385** (3.447) | −6.112 (4.286) | −7.616** (3.453) | −8.292*** (2.735) |
| Immunization rate during pregnancy | −0.041 (0.162) | −0.017 (0.162) | −0.047 (0.161) | −0.047 (0.155) | −6.297 (7.418) | −8.085 (6.389) | −6.039 (7.382) | −5.751 (6.558) |
| F or Chi2 statistics [df] for joint-effects of area-level characteristics | 38.74*** [6] | 38.49*** [6] | 39.56*** [6] | 33.59*** [6] | 5.63*** [6, 22] | 12.35* [6] | 5.83*** [6, 22] | 34.63*** [6] |
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| Observations | 1545 | 1545 | 1545 | 1545 | 1545 | 1545 | 1545 | 1545 |
Note: This table reports the effects of the smoking measures and area-level characteristics related to prenatal and obstetric care availability and quality. The regressions included all the other control variables in the main model but these are suppressed in this table. The sample includes 1545 observations (one site with 30 observations did not have ECLAMC data to allow estimating the area-level characteristics). The marginal/incremental effects are estimated and reported for the standard probit, biprobit and IV probit models. Standard errors are in parentheses.
indicate p <0.1, <0.05 and <0.01, respectively.
Derived from the Bayley Infant Neurodevelopment Screener. Copyright @ 2004. Harcourt Assessment Inc. Used with Permission. All rights Reserved.