Table 3.

Coefficients of Area-Level Instrument Regressions on Other Area-level Characteristics

Other-Area Characteristics	Smoking Rate	Average number of cigarettes
Cesarean delivery rate	−0.119 (0.097)	−0.763 (0.641)
Average number of prenatal visits	.008 (.008)	0.052 (0.110)
Average number of weeks delayed before initiating prenatal care	−0.002 (.006)	−0.041 (0.047)
Average number of ultrasounds during pregnancy	0.006 (0.014)	0.133 (0.160)
Medication use rate during pregnancy	0.034 (0.065)	−0.174 (0.474)
Immunization rate during pregnancy	−0.136* (0.065)	−0.424 (0.572)

Note: The table reports the coefficients of the regression of the area-level instruments on the other area-level characteristics, one at a time, controlling for country fixed effects (which are suppressed in the table). The regressions are estimated using OLS. Standard errors are in parentheses.

^{*, ** and ***}indicate p <0.1, <0.05 and <0.01, respectively.