TABLE 1.

Workshop Presentations on Current Efforts Related to the Implementation of the NRC Vision for Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century

Workshop presenter	Project	Lead organization(s)	Description	Notes regarding the NRC vision
Research and development efforts
Raymond Tice	Tox21	U.S. NIH Chemical Genomics Center, Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Food and Drug Administration	Developing ultra high-throughput testing systems and bioinformatic tools to assess the biological activity of chemicals on cells in order to predict in vivo toxicities	Currently focusing on rapid screening for hazard identification
Robert Kavlock	ToxCast	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	Developing high-throughput testing systems to predict potential toxicity and to cost effectively prioritize the thousands of chemicals that need toxicity testing	Currently focusing on rapid screening for prioritization of animal testing
Maurice Whelan	In Vitro Assay Technologies for the Development of Alternative Methods	Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Center, European Commission	Developing high-throughput and high-content assays to move from empirical to predictive toxicology	Scaling up in vitro assays for high-throughput systems to meet a variety of challenges
Cameron MacKay	Skin Sensitization Programme	Unilever	Developing nonanimal methods and a systems biology approach to assure consumer safety with respect to skin sensitization	Focusing on risk assessment
Mel Andersen	Pilot Projects	The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences in partnership with the Human Toxicology Project Consortium	Developing the tools and approaches to explore individual “toxicity pathways” as case studies	Pursuing the NRC vision by proof of concept with data-rich chemicals targeting well-characterized pathways
George Daston	Systems Approach	Procter & Gamble	Developing a systems approach to predictive toxicology through the application of cheminformatics, dynamic modeling, and toxicogenomics	Employing sophisticated tools and approaches without explicit mapping to the NRC vision
Conceptual development efforts
Thomas Hartung	t4	Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing (United States and EU) and Utrecht University	Spearheading conceptual developments to help promote the transition to 21st-century toxicology	Pioneering “evidence-based toxicology” as a means of quality assurance of new methods
Tim Pastoor	Risk21	ILSI Health and Environmental Sciences Institute	A multi-sector collaboration developing conceptual frameworks for applying the new tools to quantitative risk assessment	Basing its efforts on a variety of frameworks, including the NRC vision
Advocacy efforts
Martin Stephens	Human Toxicology Project	Human Toxicology Project Consortium	Advocating for an accelerated implementation of the NRC vision	Advocating for a “Human Toxicology Project” on a par with the Human Genome Project
Coordination efforts
Horst Spielmann	AXLR8	European Commission	Providing tools and opportunities for increased networking, information exchange, problem solving, strategic planning, and collaboration among a variety of scientific disciplines and stakeholder groups	Accelerating the transition toward “21st century” approaches in toxicology and risk assessment
Regulatory implementation efforts
Jack Fowle	Incorporating 21st-century toxicology	U.S. Environmental Protection Agency	Incorporating “21st-century” toxicology into its regulatory practices in the short-, medium-, and long-term, as developments permit.	Putting the NRC vision into regulatory practice as research and development efforts bear fruit (the agency had funded the NRC’s work on the vision report)