Table 1.
Integrated Glycemic Variability Assessment for Patients with Diabetes and Controls Without Diabetes
| Metric | Subject 1 | Subject 2 | Subject 3 | Subject 4 | T1DM group mean | Mean of controls without diabetes* | Fold difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean glucose (mg/dL) | 173.6 | 229.8 | 121.9 | 144.1 | 167±47 | 96.84 | 1.7 |
| SD | 80.8 | 90.1 | 55.2 | 69.5 | 74±15 | 14.13 | 5.3 |
| MODD | 107.8 | 100.0 | 57.5 | 54.3 | 80±28 | 14.41 | 5.6 |
| CONGA(1) | 60.4 | 54.5 | 35.7 | 41.9 | 48±11 | 12.91 | 3.7 |
| CONGA(2) | 87.1 | 80.9 | 54.8 | 64.1 | 72±15 | 15.89 | 4.5 |
| CONGA(4) | 111.1 | 114.6 | 71.5 | 87.5 | 96±20 | 18.26 | 5.3 |
| MAGE | 171.8 | 155.3 | 90.1 | 117.6 | 134±37 | 32.14 | 4.2 |
| Time (%) | |||||||
| Hyperglycemic | 39.7 | 68.9 | 15.6 | 23.2 | 37±24 | 0 | — |
| Hypoglycemic | 4.8 | 3.8 | 22.0 | 10.0 | 10±8 | 1.70 | 1.6 |
| AUC (mg×min/dL)/day | |||||||
| Hyperglycemic | 43,813 | 96,761 | 7,050 | 23,425 | (4.3±3.9)×104 | ||
| Hypoglycemic | 726 | 911 | 5,356 | 2,071 | 2,265±2,144 | ||
| Percentage of time spent in each bin (%) | |||||||
| <50 mg/dL | 1.0 | 1.5 | 9.7 | 3.3 | 4±4 | ||
| 50–70 mg/dL | 4.3 | 3.6 | 12.4 | 7 | 7±4 | ||
| 70–180 mg/dL | 60.8 | 36 | 62.3 | 68.6 | 57±14 | ||
| 180–220 mg/dL | 14.7 | 21 | 10.6 | 6.9 | 13±6 | ||
| 220–300 mg/dL | 19.1 | 37.7 | 5.1 | 15 | 19±13 | ||
Metric calculations are shown for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) versus average reference values from subjects without diabetes. Reference values from subjects without diabetes for mean glucose, percentage of time hyperglycemic, and percentage of time hypoglycemic were obtained from the study of McDonnell et al.6 on 10 healthy controls.
A twofold lower hypoglycemic percentage (1.7%) has been more recently reported in a study by the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Continuous Glucose Monitoring Study Group using 74 healthy controls without diabetes.12 Reference values from subjects without diabetes for the remaining metrics were obtained from the study of Cameron et al.11 on 12 healthy controls without diabetes.
AUC, area under the curve; CONGA, continuous overall net glycemic action (number in parentheses represents h); MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; MODD, mean of daily differences.