Table 2.

Standard Measures of Glucose Variability

Name	Formula	Description	Reference
Mean		n=number of observations (number of glucose readings for a given individual)
SD		=mean glucose reading
		n=number of observations
MODD		k=number of observations where there is an observation at the same time 24 h (1,440 min) ago	Molnar et al.5
CONGA(n)		k=number of observations where there is an observation n×60 min ago	McDonnell et al.6
	where Dt=BGt−BGt−m	m=n×60
	and
MAGE		λ=the absolute value difference between sequential glucose peaks and nadirs	Fritzsche et al.13
	if λ>v	x=number of valid observations	Baghurst14
		v=1 SD of mean glucose	Service et al.4

BG, glucose reading at time t min after start of observations; CONGA(n), continuous overall net glycemic action (h); MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions; MODD, mean of daily differences; t_i, time (in min) after start of observations when the i^th observation is taken.