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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Jan 22.
Published in final edited form as: J Mol Med (Berl). 2011 Aug 23;90(1):15–24. doi: 10.1007/s00109-011-0802-y

Figure 1.

Figure 1

MDP-induced Nod2 signaling pathway.

Enzymatic breakdown of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan in the phagolysosome may generate active moieties including muramyl dipeptide (MDP), which is recognized by NOD2 through the leucine-rich repeat (LRR). NOD2 recruits RIP2 kinase through CARD-CARD interactions and RIP2 subsequently activates the IKK complex resulting in phosphorylation, ubiquitination and degradation of IκB, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB transcription factors. NOD2 activation also results in the activation of MAP kinase pathways through RIP2. These signaling cascades result in the induction of various immune response gene such as proinflammatory cytokines and defensins.