Figure 5.

Cytotoxic effect of daunorubicin or daunorubicin-titanium dioxide nanocomposites on K562 leukemia cells. Microscopic images of K562 cells after different treatments for 48 hours are shown inset: (A) untreated cells as control, (B) titanium dioxide nanoparticles, (C) daunorubicin alone, and (D) daunorubicintitanium dioxide nanocomposites. Concentrations of daunorubicin and titanium dioxide nanoparticles are 1 μmol/L and 10 μg/mL, respectively.

Note: Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation (n = 3).

Abbreviations: DNR, daunorubicin; DNR-TiO₂, daunorubicin-titanium dioxide nanocomposites; Nps, nanoparticles; TiO₂, titanium dioxide.