Table 1.

Regulation of Hippocampal BDNF Expression

Factor	Treatment Duration	BDNF Expression	References
STRESS
Immobilization	1, 7 days, (45 minutes/day)	↓	[33]
	45 minutes		[74, 99]
	8 hours		[327]
Unpredictable	10 days, 4-15 weeks	↓	[62, 328, 329, 330-332]
	19 days, 7-11 weeks	=	[333, 91, 83-85, 87]
Footshock	60 minutes, (0,4 mA)	↓	[334]
Social isolation	6 hours	↓	[104]
Social defeat	10 minutes	↓	[335]
	5 weeks	↑	[86]
Maternal deprivation	24 hours, P9	↓	[336]
Swim stress	10 minutes/day, 14 days	↓	[337]
Restraint	4 hours/day, 3 days	↓	[338]
	6 hours/day, 21 days	=	[79]
		↓	[80]
	1 hour/day, 7 days	↑	[82]
CORTICOSTERONE	Acute, 7 days	↓	[33, 95, 339-340]
ADRENALECTOMY		↑	[339-340]
ANTIDEPRESSANTS
NRIs
Reboxetine	2-14 days	↑	[341]
Desipramine	14, 21 days	↑	[62, 342-343]
	Acute, 14 days	=	[344, 345]
Maprotiline	Acute, 14 days	=	[344, 345]
SSRIs
Fluoxetine	Acute, 14, 21 days	↑	[62, 332, 343, 345-346]
	7 days	=	[320, 342, 344, 346-347]
	4 days	↓	[346]
Paroxetine	Acute, 14 days	↑	[345]
Sertraline	Acute, 14, 21 days	↑	[62, 345]
Citalopram	2, 9 days	↑	[341, 348]
SNRIs
Dual
Venlafaxine	28, 35 days	↑	[83, 349]
Tricyclics
Imipramine	14, 20, 27 days	↑	[332, 338, 350-351]
	28 days	=	[83]
Amitriptyline	21 days	↑	[351, 352]
Atypical
Mianserine	21 days	↑	[74]
	Acute, 14 days	=	[345]
Tianeptine	21 days	=	[79]
MOR AGONISTS
Morphine, DAMGO1	Acute	↑	[160, 353]
MAOI
Tranylcypromine	Acute, 2, 14-21 days	↑	[74, 342, 345, 350, 354]
	4, 14, 21 days	=	[344]
Benzodiazepine
Olanzapine	35 days	↑	[349]
Ketamine	acute	↑	[123]
	acute, 7, 14 days	=	[114, 91]
ECT	10, 21 days	↑	[344]
Exercise	1-28 days	↑	[341, 350, 354-358]
Lithium	1, 7 days	=	[122]
	14-28 days	↑	[122, 124]

BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; ECT, electroconvulsive shock treatment; MAOI, monoamine oxidase inhibitor; NRIs, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs, serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors; SNRIs, serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors,

¹ [D-Ala2,N-Me-Phe4,Gly5-ol]-enkephalin.