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Resonant frequency change of quartz crystal by thiol-modified oligonucleotide probe for synthetic DNA target hybridization. The resonance frequency was measured and calculated for the frequency change. The frequency changes were represented by the frequency differences between this final value (F2) and the DNA probe immobilization (F1) as the baseline before the hybridization reaction (ΔF = F1-F2). Each data point represents the mean ± SD (n = 3).
