Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and complications prior to the beginning of the study.
| Breastfed (n = 6) |
Group A (n = 8) |
Group B (n = 12) |
Group C (n = 12) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics of the newborns | ||||
| Born in the hospital | 5 | 8 | 11 | 9 |
| Male gender | 4 | 2 | 5 | 9 |
| Cesarean section | 4 | 7 | 11 | 8 |
| 1-min Apgar ≤4 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| 5-min Apgar ≤8 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 |
| Resuscitation (endotracheal intubation) | 0 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Prenatal corticosteroids | 4 | 8 | 10 | 9 |
| Complications of the newborns | ||||
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 4 | 5 | 3 | 8 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 3 | 5 | 2 | 7 |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Sepsis | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Parenteral nutrition > 7 days | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |