Table 2. Proportion of women that consumed food groups and food items1.
| Food groups and food items | Kisangani (n = 241) | Turumbu city (n = 122) | Turumbu village (n = 129) | P 2 | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | Kisangani - Tcity | Tcity – Tvillage | |
| Cereals | 212.5 (88.1) | 84 (68.8) | 32 (24.7) | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Rice | 151 (62.6) | 56 (45.9) | 6.5 (5.1) | ||
| Maize | 103 (42.7) | 33 (27.2) | 26.5 (20.7) | ||
| Bread | 53 (22.0) | 16.5 (13.7) | 0.5 (0.4) | ||
| Roots & tubers | 183.5 (76.2) | 103 (84.3) | 127.5 (98.8) | 0.09 | <0.001 |
| Cassava | 173 (71.8) | 97.5 (79.9) | 127.5 (98.8) | ||
| Plantain | 57 (23.6) | 48.5 (39.8) | 68 (52.7) | ||
| *Wild yam (Dioscorea spp.) | 0 | 0.5 (0.4) | 0.5 (0.4) | ||
| Nuts & pulses | 125.5 (52.1) | 53.5 (43.9) | 12.5 (9.7) | 0.21 | <0.001 |
| Peanuts | 62.5 (25.9) | 38 (31.1) | 10 (7.8) | ||
| Cowpea | 7.5 (3.1) | 2 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.2) | ||
| Haricot | 47.5 (19.6) | 15 (12.4) | 0 | ||
| Soya | 17.5 (7.3) | 2.5 (2.1) | 0 | ||
| Pumpkin seeds | 15.5 (6.5) | 0 | 0 | ||
| * Wild nuts (Tetracarpdium conophorum (Müll.Arg.) Hutch. et Dalziel and Panda oleosa Pierre) | 0 | 0 | 1.5 (1.2) | ||
| Vegetables | 233.5 (96.9) | 112.5 (92.3) | 115.5 (89.5) | 0.0075 | 0.45 |
| Cassava leaves | 131.5 (54.6) | 66.5 (54.5) | 80.5 (62.5) | ||
| Sweet potato leaves | 41 (17.0) | 24 (19.8) | 20.5 (16.0) | ||
| Amaranth | 18.5 (7.7) | 12.5 (20.1) | 9 (7.0) | ||
| Spinach | 11.6 (4.8) | 4 (3.5) | 8.5 (6.6) | ||
| Eggplant | 52.5 (21.7) | 19 (15.4) | 10 (7.8) | ||
| Welsh onion | 165 (68.4) | 73 (59.9) | 44 (34.0) | ||
| Onion | 113.5 (47.0) | 46 (37.7) | 15.5 (12.1) | ||
| Tomato | 135 (56.1) | 58.5 (48.0) | 50.5 (39.1) | ||
| Tomatopaste | 87 (36.0) | 26.5 (21.7) | 2.5 (2.0) | ||
| Celery | 98 (40.6) | 28 (23.0) | 10.5 (8.2) | ||
| * Fumbwa (Gnetum africanum Welw.) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | ||
| * Meye (Megaphrynium macrostachyum (Benth.) Milne-Redh.) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.5 (0.4) | 0 | ||
| * Gbedegbede (Amaranthus dubius Mart. ex Thell) | 0 | 0.5 (0.4) | 0 | ||
| * Sese (Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd.) | 0 | 0.5 (0.4) | 6.5 (5.1) | 0.0061 | |
| Fruit | 55 (23.8) | 23 (18.8) | 47 (36.3) | 0.27 | <0.001 |
| Avocado | 20.5 (8.6) | 4.5 (3.9) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Banana | 19 (8.0) | 10 (8.0) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Papaya | 1.5 (0.6) | 0 | 3.5 (2.8) | ||
| Safou (Dacryodes edulis (G.Don.) H.J.Lam.)3 | 9.5 (4.0) | 8 (6.4) | 39 (30.1) | 0.26 | <0.001 |
| * Tondolo (Aframomum laurentii (De Wild. et T.Durand) K.Schum.) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | ||
| * Sakanu (Cola bruneelii De Wild.) | 0 | 0 | 0.5 (0.4) | ||
| * Bombi (Anonidium mannii (Oliv.) Engl. et Diels) | 0 | 0 | 4 (3.1) | ||
| MPO | 49.5 (20.5) | 20.5 (16.8) | 46 (35.5) | 0.14 | <0.001 |
| Bush meet fresh | 1.5 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (4.7) | ||
| Smoked bush meet | 26.5 (11.1) | 13 (10.7) | 36.5 (28.1) | ||
| Fish | 149.5 (62.0) | 55.5 (45.3) | 55 (42.6) | <0.001 | 0.88 |
| Fresh fish | 16.5 (6.9) | 9 (7.3) | 22.5 (17.6) | ||
| Salted fish | 74 (30.8) | 30.5 (24.8) | 22 (17.2) | ||
| Smoked fish | 75 (30.8) | 24.5 (20.1) | 19.5 (15.3) | ||
| Egg | 3.5 (1.5) | 2.5 (2.1) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| Milk&milkproducts | 38 (15.7) | 12 (9.8) | 2 (1.6) | 0.051 | <0.001 |
| Milk | 37.5 (15.5) | 12 (9.8) | 2 (1.6) | ||
| Oil&fat | 236.5 (98.1) | 116.5 (95.6) | 125.5 (97.3) | 0.0486 | 0.31 |
| Palm oil | 223.5 (92.7) | 114.5 (94.0) | 125.5 (97.3) | ||
| Vegetal oil | 41.5 (17.2) | 15.5 (12.6) | 1.5 (1.2) | ||
| Mushrooms | 7.5 (3.1) | 3.5 (2.9) | 12.5 (9.8) | 0.58 | 0.0028 |
| Caterpillars | 47 (19.5) | 38.5 (31.5) | 30 (23.1) | 0.0093 | 0.22 |
| Sugars | 214.5 (51.6) | 51 (41.8) | 49.5 (38.3) | 0.11 | 0.50 |
| Sugar | 117.5 (48.7) | 49.5 (40.4) | 46 (36.6) | ||
| Soft drinks | 11.5 (4.8) | 2 (1.7) | 0 | ||
| Miscellaneous | 238.5 (99.0) | 119.5 (97.8) | 128.5 (99.6) | ||
| Wild spices | 2.5 (1.0) | 1 (0.8) | 11 (8.6) | <0.001 | |
| *Longowu (Hua gaboni Pierre ex De Wild.) | 0 | 0 | 7 (5.5) | ||
| *Bofili (Scorodophloeus zenkeri Harms) | 0 | 0 | 1.5 (1.2) | ||
| *Kalafulu (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) | 1.5 (0.6) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.8) | ||
| *Ketchu (Piper guineense Schumach. et Thonn.) | 1 (0.4) | 0 | 1.5 (1.2) | ||
| *Kelele (Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv.) | 0 | 0 | 0.5 (0.4) | ||
1
Only food items consumed by at least 5% of a group are reported, except for WEP. All WEP consumed in this study are shown; they are preceded by an asterisk. For WEP herbarium references we refer to Termote et al. (2010, 2011).
2
The Turumbu living in the city were compared with the overall city sample and the Turumbu from the village were compared with the Turumbu from the city. χ2-tests were performed for all food groups and wild food items which were consumed by at least 10 persons over the two samples compared.
3
Safou (Dacryodes edulis) occurs native in Central Africa. This species is cultivated on a small scale around the homesteads, but also harvested from the wild. It can be considered as semi-wild.