Table 2.
Odds Ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) From Logistic Regression of W1 and W2 Analyses, Midlife Development in the United States Study
| Disease free, W1 | χ² Test for age differences (under 50 vs. 50+) | Disease free, W2 | χ² Test for age differences (under 50 vs. 50+) | |
| Childhood misfortune | 0.93* (0.88–0.99) | No age differences (p = .25) | 0.88* (0.77–1.00) | No age differences (p = .90) |
| Covariates | ||||
| Lifetime smoking | 0.93* (0.87–1.00) | No age differences (p = .57) | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) | No age differences (p = .99) |
| Obese | 0.67* (0.51–0.87) | No age differences (p = .34) | 0.46* (0.24–0.85) | No age differences (p = .24) |
| Heavy drinking | 0.83 (0.53–1.30) | No age differences (p = .88) | 1.03 (0.43–2.51) | No age differences (p = .83) |
| Sedentary lifestyle | 0.32 (0.09–1.08) | No age differences (p = .25) | a | |
| Social support family | 0.97 (0.81–1.17) | No age differences (p = .28) | 1.15 (0.72–1.84) | No age differences (p = .80) |
| Social support friends | 1.11 (0.93–1.31) | No age differences (p = .43) | 0.83 (0.55–1.26) | No age differences (p = .20) |
| Personal efficacy | 1.31* (1.16–1.47) | No age differences (p = .97) | 1.07 (0.80–1.44) | No age differences (p = .36) |
| Working | 1.16 (0.87–1.56) | No age differences (p = .49) | 0.89 (0.46–1.71) | No age differences (p = .98) |
| Sense of productivity | 0.96 (0.79–1.15) | No age differences (p = .54) | 1.00 (0.64–1.57) | No age differences (p = .29) |
| Education | 0.98 (0.94–1.02) | No age differences (p = .55) | 1.03 (0.94–1.14) | No age differences (p = .74) |
| Age | 0.97* (0.96–0.98) | 0.97* (0.95–0.99) | ||
| Non-White | 1.16 (0.84–1.61) | No age differences (p = .30) | 0.66 (0.28–1.53) | No age differences (p = .42) |
| Female | 0.70* (0.56–0.87) | Stronger effect among older group (p = .002) | 0.83 (0.50–1.39) | No age differences (p = .94) |
| Live alone | 1.12 (0.86–1.45) | No age differences (p = .63) | 0.81 (0.46–1.44) | No age differences (p = .89) |
| −2LL | 1509.68 | 248.52 | ||
| N | 2,908 | 390b | ||
Notes: Childhood misfortune = count of 16 potential misfortunes related to abuse and maltreatment, financial strain, family instability, health problems; lifetime smoking = estimated number of lifetime cigarettes/100,000; obese = body mass index > 30; heavy drinking = reporting more than 3 drinks per day; sedentary lifestyle = engaging in vigorous or moderate activity less than once a month; social support family = four-item index of questions concerning supportiveness of family relations; social support friends =four-item index of questions concerning supportiveness of friend relations; personal efficacy = 12-item index concerning control over life circumstances; working = currently working for pay; sense of productivity = six-item index concerning engagement in productive life activity; education = years of completed education; age = 1995—year of birth; non-White = racial classification (White is reference group); female = gender of respondent (male is reference group); live alone = household composition (lives with others is reference group).
Effect of sedentary lifestyle could not be estimated for W2 analyses because an insufficient number of respondents were sedentary and disease free at W1.
Of respondents disease free at W1 and reinterviewed at W2.
p < .05