Table 1.
Characteristics of participants by faller category at 2 month post stroke
| Item | All Participants (n=408) |
Non-fallers (n=173) |
Single, Non- injurious fallers (n=88) |
Multiple or injurious fallers (n=147) |
p- value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PERSONAL FACTORS | |||||
| Demographics | |||||
| Male | 224 (54.9%) | 99(57.2%) | 47 (53.4%) | 78(53.1%) | 0.72 |
| Female | 184 (45.1%) | 74 (42.8%) | 41 (46.6%) | 69 (46.9%) | |
| Age at stroke onset | 62.0±12.7 | 60.8±13.2 | 60.5±12.9 | 64.4±11.9 | 0.02 |
| Co-morbidities | |||||
| Depression score (PHQ-9) | 4.68±5.22 | 4.36±5.2 | 4.8±5.5 | 5.0±5.1 | 0.55 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 31 (7.6%) | 14 (8.1%) | 7 (8%) | 10 (6.8%) | 0.90 |
| Coronary Artery Disease | 56 (13.8%) | 20 (11.6%) | 13 (14.8%) | 23 (15.8%) | 0.53 |
| On Beta-blocker | 163 (40%) | 69 (39.9%) | 39 (44.3%) | 55 (37.4%) | 0.58 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 140 (34.4%) | 57 (33.1%) | 30 (34.1%) | 53 (36.1%) | 0.86 |
| History of alcohol abuse | 15 (3.7%) | 5 (2.9) | 0 (0%) | 10 (6.8%) | 0.02 |
| BODY FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE | |||||
| Stroke Characteristics | |||||
| Location | |||||
| Left | 164 (40.2%) | 71 (41%) | 31 (35.2%) | 62 (42.2%) | 0.53 |
| Right | 199 (48.8%) | 85 (49.1%) | 43 (48.9%) | 71 (48.3%) | |
| Undefined | 45 (11%) | 17 (9.8%) | 14 (15.9%) | 14 (9.5%) | |
| Stroke Type | |||||
| Ischemic | 290 (71.1%) | 121 (69.9%) | 65 (73.9%) | 104 (70.7%) | 0.48 |
| Hemorrhagic | 70 (17.2%) | 34 (19.7%) | 10 (11.4%) | 26 (17.7%) | |
| Uncertain | 48 (11.8%) | 18 (10.4%) | 13 (14.8%) | 17 (11.6%) | |
| Cognition | |||||
| MMSE | 26.1±3.5 (N=368) |
26.1±3.4 (N=151) |
26.2±3.5 (N=82) |
26.0±3.6 (N=135) |
0.91 |
| Trail Making (B - A in seconds) |
134.1±88.5 (N=375) |
127.8±86.6 (N=157) |
134.8±82.3 (N=83) |
141.1±94.1 (N=135) |
0.44 |
| WAIS Digit Symbol Subscale |
31.02±16.98 (N=385) |
32.3±17.8 (N=160) |
31.1±14.8 (N=86) |
29.5±17.3 (N=139) |
0.37 |
| Sensory-Motor | |||||
| FM Total Motor Score | 58.3±25.3 | 62.5±25.0 | 55.0±25.4 | 55.4±25.0 | 0.02 |
| FM LE Motor Score | 24.4±6.4 | 25.3±6.23 | 24.06±6.9 | 23.6±6.3 | 0.05 |
| FM UE Motor Score | 34.0±20.68 (N=407) |
37.4±20.7 (N=172) |
31.0±20.9 (N=88) |
31.8±20.2 (N=147) |
0.02 |
| FM Sensation Score | 19.5±5.9 (N=400) |
20.1±5.4 (N=170) |
19.1±6.0 (N=87) |
19.0±6.4 (N=143) |
0.19 |
| Paresis in dominant hand | 171 | 77 (45.03%) | 33 (19.3%) | 61 (35.67%) | 0.55 |
| ACTIVITY LIMITATIONS | |||||
| Comfortable walking Speed (m/s) |
0.38±0.22 | .42±0.22 | 0.37±0.23 | 0.34±0.21 | <0.01 |
| 6-minute walk distance (m) | 125±78 | 141±77 | 118±82 | 112±75 | <0.01 |
| Berg Balance Score | 35.8±14.0 | 38.9±13.1 | 36.4±14.5 | 31.7±13.8 | <0.01 |
| Use of Assistive Device | 359 (88%) | 144 (83.2%) | 79 (89.8%) | 136 (92.5%) | 0.03 |
| ABC Scale | 45.1±23.9 (N=406) |
49.8±23.8 (N=172) |
44.2±24.9 (N=87) |
40.0±22.5 (N=147) |
<0.01 |
| PARTICIPATION | |||||
| Steps/day | 2552±2570 (N=384) |
2893±2676 (N=163) |
2308±2343 (N=81) |
2295±2540 (N=140) |
0.08 |
| Stroke Impact Scale (Participation Subscale) |
45.51±23.25 | 49.54±23.31 (N=173) |
42.14±21.16 (N=88) |
42.78±23.81 (N=147) |
0.01 |
| Modified Rankin Scale | |||||
| Rankin 0-2 | 56 (13.7%) | 32 (18.5%) | 11 (12.5%) | 13 (8.8%) | <0.01 |
| Rankin 3-4 | 352 (86.3%) | 141 (81.5%) | 77 (87.5%) | 134 (91.2%) | |
| SF-36 Physical Function | 27.8±9.6 (N=406) |
28.4±9.35 (N=171) |
28.1±9.4 (N=88) |
26.8±9.9 (N=147) |
0.33 |
*
Categorical variables are N(%), continuous variables are mean ± standard deviation.
N=408 unless otherwise specified.
**
A full table of all items assessed can be accessed online.
PHQ-9=Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale; MMSE=Mini Mental State Exam; WAIS=Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; FM=Fugl-Meyer; LE=Lower Extremity; UE=Upper Extremity; ABC=Activities Balance Confidence; SF-36 PF=Short-Form-36 Physical Function subsection;