Table 1.

Examples of the use of microelectrode biosensors for the measurement of ATP or adenosine in biological tissues

Brain area or tissue	Functional context	Analyte	References
Spinal cord	Locomotion	Adenosine, ATP	[24, 35, 36]
Medulla oblongata	Hypoxia–respiration	Adenosine	[107]
Medulla oblongata (preBotzinger complex)	Control of respiration	ATP	[108]
Medulla oblongata (nucleus tractus solitarus)	Afferent control of breathing	ATP	[109]
Medulla oblongata (ventrolateral)	Hypoxia	ATP	[110]
Medulla oblongata (ventral surface)	H+/CO2 chemosensory control of breathing	ATP	[15, 49, 52, 53]
Medulla oblongata (nucleus tractus solitarus)	Hypothalamic defence reaction	Adenosine	[111]
Cerebellum	Activity-dependent release	Adenosine, ATP	[19, 20, 112, 113]
Hypothalamus	Induction of fever	ATP, adenosine	[114]
Hypothalamus	Glucosensing by tanycytes	ATP	[115]
Hippocampus	CO2 sensitivity and seizures	Adenosine	[78]
Hippocampus	Seizure generation and control	Adenosine, ATP	[72, 80]
Cortex	Spreading depression	ATP	[116]
Hippocampus	Hypoxia, ischaemia	ATP, adenosine	[22, 25, 67, 68, 70, 117, 118]
Thalamus	Deep brain stimulation	Adenosine	[119]
Striatum	Deep brain stimulation	Adenosine	[120]
Cultured cells	Ischaemic preconditioning	Adenosine	[121]
Neuronal progenitor cells	Proliferation and differentiation	ATP	[122]
Retina	Neural development	ATP	[123]
Amphibian embryo	Early development	ATP	[64]
Carotid body	Chemosensitivity	ATP	[124]a
Ileum –myenteric plexus	Cannabinoid action	Adenosine	[125]
Intestinal tissue	ATP release in ileum	ATP	[126]a
Skeletal muscle arterioles	Origins of ATP release from arterioles	ATP	[127]

^aATP measurement by the cascade in Fig. 1b; all other examples utilize the cascade of Fig. 1a