Table 2.

Associations between work–family demands and all-cause sickness absence (1995–2003) in the GAZEL cohort study (n = 13 179) (RR, 95% CI)

Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Work and family demands
No dependants	1.20 (0.99–1.45)	1.12 (0.90–1.40)	1.06 (0.84–1.32)
Low	1.0	1.0	1.0
Moderate	1.17 (1.07–1.29)	1.20 (1.08–1.33)	1.15 (1.02–1.29)
High	1.86 (1.60–2.17)	1.91 (1.61–2.27)	1.78 (1.47–2.14)
Age (years)
42–45	1.0	1.0	1.0
45–50	0.94 (0.83–1.08)	0.95 (0.82–1.10)	0.95 (0.82–1.10)
51–55	0.84 (0.76–0.92)	0.82 (0.73–0.91)	0.83 (0.74–0.92)
Marital status
Married/cohabitating	1.0	1.0	1.0
Single	1.17 (0.92–1.48)	1.18 (0.90–1.54)	1.13 (0.86–1.48)
Divorced/widow/separated	1.32 (1.17–1.48)	1.26 (1.10–1.45)	1.26 (1.10–1.45)
Occupational grade
High	1.0	1.0	1.0
Intermediate	2.19 (1.93–2.48)	2.10 (1.83–2.40)	2.08 (1.81–2.38)
Low	3.49 (3.02–4.02)	3.23 (2.76–3.78)	3.18 (2.72–3.73)
Sex
Male	1.0	1.0	1.0
Female	1.37 (1.23–1.52)	1.39 (1.22–1.60)	1.37 (1.20–1.56)
Current smoker
No		1.0	1.0
Yes		1.37 (1.22–1.53)	1.35 (1.21–1.51)
Alcohol consumption
None		1.40 (1.24–1.57)	1.40 (1.24–1.58)
Light drinker		1.0	1.0
Moderate drinker		0.90 (0.79–1.02)	0.91 (0.80–1.03)
Heavy drinker		0.83 (0.69–1.00)	0.83 (0.69–1.00)
Body weight
Underweight (BMI < 20 kg/m2)		1.15 (0.96–1.37)	1.14 (0.95–1.37)
Normal (BMI 20–24.9 kg/m2)		1.0	1.0
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2)		1.12 (1.01–1.25)	1.12 (1.00–1.25)
Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2)		1.49 (1.26–1.76)	1.51 (1.28–1.78)
Personal social support
Sufficient			1.0
Insufficient			1.10 (0.98–1.23)