Effects of restricted feeding on tissue and serum bile acid homeostasis. Serum bile acids (A), gallbladder bile acids (B), and intestine bile acids (C) were measured in fasted and food-restricted mice at different time points, as indicated. D, tissue bile acids were quantified in fasted and refed (3 h) mice. E, ileum bile acid-binding protein mRNA was determined by real-time PCR. A filled bar below each panel indicates the dark period. An arrow and open bar indicate the start of restricted feeding and period (3 h). Results are expressed as mean ± S.E. (error bars) (n = 4). *, statistical significance versus fasted mice at the same time point (p < 0.05).