Figure 1).

Autophagolysosome formation. On induction of autophagy, the isolation membrane or phagopore elongates and engulfs the cellular contents. Sealing of the tips leads to completion of the double-membrane autophagosome. The outer membrane then fuses with the lysosome resulting in degradation of its contents. Key elements of this process are the autophagy-related (ATG)12-ATG5-ATG16L complex, which recruits light chain (LC) 3 to the membrane, and ATG4, which controls the lipidation and recycling of LC3