Table 1. Definitions of DDS, ICDs, and Punding.

Dopamine Dysregulation Syndrome (Giovanni 2000)
A.	PD with documented levodopa responsiveness
B.	Need for increasing doses of DRT in excess of those normally required to relieve Parkinsonian symptoms and signs
C.	Pattern of pathological use: expressed need for increased DRT in the presence of excessive and significant dyskinesias despite being ‘on,’ drug hoarding or drug seeking behavior, unwillingness to reduce DRT, absence of painful dystonias
D.	Impairment in social or occupational functioning: fights, violent behavior, loss of friends, absence from work, loss of job, legal difficulties, arguments or difficulties with family
E.	Development of hypomanic, manic, or cyclothymic affective syndrome in relation to DRT
F.	Development of a withdrawal state characterized by dysphoria, depression, irritability, and anxiety on reducing the level of DRT
G.	Duration of disturbance of at least 6 months
Impulse Control Disorders
Hypersexuality (Voon 2006)
A.	The sexual thoughts/behaviors are excessive or an atypical change from baseline marked by 1 of the following:
	1.	Maladaptive preoccupation with sexual thoughts
	2.	Inappropriately or excessively requesting sex from spouse or partner
	3.	Habitual promiscuity
	4.	Compulsive masturbation
	5.	Calls to telephone sex lines or viewing of pornography
	6.	Paraphilias
B.	The behavior must have persisted for at least 1 month
C.	The behavior causes 1 of the following:
	1.	Marked distress
	2.	Attempts to control thoughts or behavior that are unsuccessful or result in marked anxiety or distress
	3.	Becomes time consuming
	4.	Significant interference with social or occupational functioning
D.	The behavior does not occur exclusively during periods of hypomania or mania
E.	If all criteria except C are fulfilled, the disorder is subsyndromal
Gambling (DSM-IV)
A.	Persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior as indicated by 5 (or more) of the following:
	1.	Preoccupation with gambling
	2.	Increasing amount of money wagered
	3.	Repeated unsuccessful attempts to control
	4.	Restlessness or irritability when cutting down
	5.	Gambles to escape from problems or to relieve dysphoric mood
	6.	Chases losses
	7.	Lies to others about gambling
	8.	Performs illegal acts to finance gambling
	9.	Jeopardized relationships, work, or education
	10.	Relies on others for money
B.	Does not occur exclusively during periods of hypomania or mania
Compulsive shopping (McElroy 1994)
A.	Maladaptive preoccupation with buying or shopping that is manifested as impulses or behaviors
	1.	Are experienced as irresistible, intrusive, and/or senseless
	2.	Result in frequent buying of more than can be afforded, of items that are not needed, or during longer periods of time than intended
B.	Cause marked distress, are time-consuming, significantly interfere with social or occupational functionoing, or result in financial problems
C.	The behaviors do not occur exclusively during periods of hypomania or mania
Compulsive eating
(DSM-IV)
A.	Recurrent episodes of binge eating, which is characterized by both of the following:
	1.	Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g. within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than most people would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances
	2.	A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (i.e. feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating)
B.	The binge-eating episodes are associated with three (or more) of the following:
	1.	Eating much more rapidly than normal
	2.	Eating until feeling uncomfortably full
	3.	Eating large amounts of food when not feeling physically hungry
	4.	Eating alone because of being embarrassed by how much one is eating
	5.	Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed, or very guilty after overeating
C.	Marked distress regarding binge eating is present
D.	The binge eating occurs, on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months
E.	The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors (e.g. purging, fasting, excessive exercise) and does not occur exclusively during the course of Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa
(Nirenberg 2006)
A.	Uncontrollable consumption of a larger amount of food than normal in excess of that necessary to alleviate hunger
Punding (Friedman 1994)
A.	Stereotypical motor behavior in which an intense fascination with repetitive, purposeless movements, such as taking apart mechanical objects, handling, examining, and sorting common objects, or picking at oneself without stopping

DDS; Dopamine dysregulation syndrome.

ICDs; Impulse control disorders.