Wounded IEC-6 cells were cultured for 24 h in the presence of Dex, CpdA or ZK216348 with or without co-presence of (A) TGF-β or (B) selective inhibitor of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) receptor SB431542. Cell migration was assessed using an in vitro migration assay. Bars indicate mean values of remaining wounded area ± S.E.M., n = 3, *P≤0.05, **P≤0.01, ***P≤0.001 relative to vehicle, ###
P≤0.001 relative to Dex (C) Relative luciferase activity of HEK293T cells transfected with the reporter gene construct pSBE4-luc construct after 24 h incubation with TGF-β (5 ng/ml), Dex or SEGRAs. IEC-6 cells were treated with Dex, CpdA or ZK216348 for the indicated time periods. (D) TGF-β peptide levels in cell culture supernatants were determined by ELISA. (E) TGF-β mRNA expression was monitored by qPCR and normalised against β-actin. Bars represent mean ± S.E.M., n = 3, *P≤0.05 relative to vehicle.