Table 1. Age- and sex-adjusted associations between baseline covariates and a major depressive episode at follow-up, the Whitehall II study, 1991–9.
| Characteristic | N | N of cases | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
| Age | 0.94 (0.89–0.99) | 0.029 | ||
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1626 | 41 | 1.00 | |
| Female | 497 | 25 | 2.08 (1.25–3.46) | 0.005 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married/cohabiting | 1717 | 49 | 1.00 | |
| Non-married/-cohabiting | 406 | 17 | 1.21 (0.68–2.16) | 0.51 |
| Occupational grade | ||||
| 1 (highest) | 385 | 4 | 1.00 | |
| 2 | 527 | 15 | 2.51 (0.82–7.67) | 0.11 |
| 3 | 349 | 9 | 2.17 (0.66–7.15) | 0.20 |
| 4 | 332 | 13 | 3.19 (1.02–9.99) | 0.047 |
| 5 | 279 | 16 | 4.53 (1.47–13.90) | 0.008 |
| 6 (lowest) | 251 | 9 | 2.54 (0.74–8.69) | 0.139 |
| Chronic physical disease | ||||
| No | 1454 | 33 | 1.00 | |
| Yes | 669 | 33 | 2.30 (1.41–3.78) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| No | 333 | 5 | 1.00 | |
| Moderate | 1432 | 51 | 2.68 (1.05–6.82) | 0.038 |
| High | 358 | 10 | 2.19 (0.73–6.55) | 0.16 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Never | 1105 | 28 | 1.00 | |
| Ex | 758 | 28 | 1.65 (0.96–2.83) | 0.07 |
| Current | 260 | 10 | 1.46 (0.70–3.06) | 0.31 |
| Job strain | ||||
| Low strain | 494 | 14 | 1.00 | |
| Active | 720 | 16 | 0.77 (0.37–1.59) | 0.47 |
| Passive | 597 | 26 | 1.39 (0.71–2.71) | 0.34 |
| High strain | 312 | 10 | 1.04 (0.46–2.39) | 0.92 |
| Social support at work | ||||
| High | 699 | 21 | 1.00 | |
| Intermediate | 648 | 24 | 1.41 (0.77–2.56) | 0.26 |
| Low | 776 | 21 | 1.11 (0.60–2.06) | 0.73 |
CI = Confidence interval.