Table 1. Baseline Characteristics and Risk Factors for Chronic Disease by Self-reported Sleep Duration.
| Sleep duration | <6 h/day | 6-<7 h/day | 7-<8 h/day | 8-<9 h/day | ≥9 h/day |
| No. of subjects: 23 620 (100%) | 1 242 (5.3%) | 4 653 (19.7%) | 9 820 (41.6%) | 6 133 (26.0%) | 1 772 (7.5%) |
| Age (years) | 50.9 (8.3) | 48.8 (8.4) | 48.5 (8.5) | 49.4 (9.3) | 53.9 (9.5) |
| Women, % | 61.7 | 57.9 | 59.5 | 65.6 | 65.9 |
| Employed, % | 67.6 | 78.4 | 78.1 | 66.2 | 33.5 |
| (Early) retirees, % | 18.7 | 12.7 | 12.7 | 21.3 | 48.2 |
| University of applied sciences/university degree, % | 29.0 | 40.6 | 41.0 | 35.1 | 25.5 |
| Sleeping disorders, % | 26.7 | 15.8 | 12.8 | 12.6 | 15.8 |
| Obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2), % | 21.9 | 16.7 | 14.3 | 14.7 | 20.7 |
| Prevalent hypertension, % | 51.9 | 45.8 | 43.6 | 46.5 | 55.0 |
| History of high blood lipid levels, % | 32.4 | 24.8 | 23.3 | 24.9 | 32.5 |
| Current smoker, % | 25.4 | 23.8 | 19.5 | 18.4 | 21.6 |
| Walking, cycling, sports (h/week) | 11.5 (8.3) | 10.4 (7.3) | 10.4 (7.0) | 11.0 (7.4) | 12.2 (7.7) |
| Beverages, low-energy (g/day)a | 1 279.9 (783.7) | 1 197.4 (683.6) | 1 109.8 (590.9) | 1 118.9 (631.0) | 1 165.4 (667.0) |
| Beverages, high-energy (g/day)b | 248.2 (306.5) | 245.0 (271.4) | 232.3 (252.8) | 241.7 (257.9) | 252.8 (278.9) |
| Caffeinated beverages (g/day)c | 600.6 (442.5) | 584.9 (379.2) | 545.2 (332.8) | 521.5 (330.2) | 513.7 (335.1) |
| Fresh fruit (g/day) | 144.4 (99.1) | 142.0 (96.5) | 140.0 (94.1) | 143.6 (97.7) | 142.0 (99.6) |
| Vegetables (g/day)d | 123.8 (61.9) | 123.8 (59.3) | 122.3 (61.0) | 125.3 (59.5) | 127.9 (62.1) |
| Whole grain bread and muesli (g/day) | 50.9 (59.5) | 53.2 (60.1) | 50.2 (57.5) | 50.7 (58.7) | 46.5 (55.4) |
| Other bread and flakes (g/day) | 133.1 (84.2) | 137.8 (85.8) | 130.6 (79.9) | 131.7 (78.3) | 124.1 (70.1) |
| Side dishes (g/day)e | 94.1 (52.9) | 95.6 (51.5) | 97.0 (49.7) | 100.6 (50.7) | 109.7 (51.9) |
| Dairy products (g/day)f | 254.5 (260.6) | 236.9 (233.8) | 228.2 (218.6) | 229.8 (217.2) | 239.5 (245.8) |
| Meat (g/day)g | 114.8 (74.3) | 116.8 (72.1) | 116.5 (66.0) | 112.2 (65.5) | 109.6 (65.2) |
| Fish (g/day) | 25.3 (31.1) | 23.9 (23.7) | 23.2 (24.0) | 23.5 (26.5) | 24.1 (23.3) |
| Eggs (g/day) | 18.5 (18.1) | 18.1 (18.2) | 17.6 (15.6) | 17.3 (14.1) | 16.9 (16.8) |
| Butter (g/day) | 8.1 (12.8) | 9.3 (13.3) | 8.7 (12.5) | 9.0 (12.4) | 9.1 (12.5) |
| Vegetable oil (g/day) | 3.2 (3.2) | 3.4 (3.3) | 3.4 (3.4) | 3.5 (3.5) | 3.4 (3.2) |
| Sweets (g/day)h | 117.5 (109.9) | 114.7 (92.5) | 113.9 (89.3) | 112.4 (89.1) | 117.5 (98.2) |
| Snacks (g/day)i | 22.7 (20.3) | 23.9 (20.5) | 24.2 (19.8) | 23.2 (18.8) | 21.4 (18.6) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day) | 13.7 (19.2) | 14.6 (18.0) | 14.6 (17.5) | 13.8 (18.4) | 13.5 (23.9) |
| Energy intake (kJ/day) | 8 999.5 (3 252.3) | 9 085.3 (3 050.2) | 8 879.3 (2 802.2) | 8 797.4 (2 806.7) | 8 761.2 (2 962.1) |
| Very satisfied with life, % | 17.1 | 21.2 | 23.4 | 27.1 | 28.3 |
| Very satisfied with health, % | 17.6 | 20.5 | 23.0 | 24.2 | 20.0 |
| Intake of antidepressants, % | 11.0 | 6.3 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 8.1 |
Categorical variables are presented as percentages within the respective subgroup and continuous variables are expressed as means with standard deviation in parentheses.
Low-energy beverages: water, coffee (including de-caffeinated coffee), tea (including herbal tea), low-energy soft drinks (energy-reduced cola, lemonades).
High-energy beverages: juice, high-energy soft drinks (cola, lemonades, non-alcoholic beer, malt beer).
Caffeinated beverages: coffee, black tea.
Vegetables are also including legumes.
Side dishes: pasta, rice, potatoes.
Dairy products: milk, yoghurt, curd, soured milk/kefir, cream, cheese.
Meat: red meat, poultry, processed meat.
Snacks: french fries, pizza, chips.
Sweets: cakes, cookies, confectionary, sweet bread spread, desserts.