Table 3. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals for daytime sleep and chronic diseases stratified by prevalent hypertension.
| Non-hypertensive participants | Hypertensive participants | |||
| Daytime sleep | No | Yes | No | Yes |
| 11 517 (90.4%) | 1 223 (9.6%) | 9 387 (86.3%) | 1 493 (13.7%) | |
| Overall chronic disease (cases/person-years)a | 604/91 920 | 85/9 618 | 1 080/71 959 | 273/10 890 |
| Crude rate per 1000 person-years | 6.6 | 8.8 | 15.0 | 25.1 |
| HR model 1b | 1.0 | 0.82 (0.65–1.05) | 1.0 | 1.22 (1.06–1.41) |
| HR model 2c | 1.0 | 0.77 (0.61–0.98) | 1.0 | 1.21 (1.04–1.39) |
| HR model 3d | 1.0 | 0.75 (0.59–0.96) | 1.0 | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) |
| Type 2 diabetes (cases/person-years) | 178/91 920 | 24/9 618 | 521/71 959 | 118/10 890 |
| Crude rate per 1000 person-years | 1.9 | 2.5 | 7.2 | 10.8 |
| HR model 1b | 1.0 | 0.85 (0.54–1.33) | 1.0 | 1.22 (0.99–1.51) |
| HR model 2c | 1.0 | 0.81 (0.51–1.27) | 1.0 | 1.21 (0.97–1.50) |
| HR model 3d | 1.0 | 0.77 (0.49–1.22) | 1.0 | 1.05 (0.84–1.30) |
| Myocardial infarction (cases/person-years) | 51/91 920 | 10/9 618 | 105/71 959 | 31/10 890 |
| Crude rate per 1000 person-years | 0.6 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 2.8 |
| HR model 1b | 1.0 | 1.20 (0.58–2.49) | 1.0 | 1.41 (0.92–2.17) |
| HR model 2c | 1.0 | 1.00 (0.47–2.12) | 1.0 | 1.31 (0.84–2.04) |
| HR model 3d | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.46–2.09) | 1.0 | 1.27 (0.82–1.98) |
| Stroke (cases/person-years) | 36/91 920 | 9/9 618 | 95/71 959 | 29/10 890 |
| Crude rate per 1000 person-years | 0.4 | 0.9 | 1.3 | 2.7 |
| HR model 1b | 1.0 | 1.27 (0.58–2.76) | 1.0 | 1.60 (1.03–2.49) |
| HR model 2c | 1.0 | 1.12 (0.51–2.46) | 1.0 | 1.54 (0.98–2.43) |
| HR model 3d | 1.0 | 1.10 (0.50–2.42) | 1.0 | 1.51 (0.96–2.37) |
| Cancer (cases/person-years) | 341/91 920 | 43/9 618 | 366/71 959 | 96/10 890 |
| Crude rate per 1000 person-years | 3.7 | 4.5 | 5.1 | 8.8 |
| HR model 1b | 1.0 | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | 1.0 | 1.09 (0.86–1.38) |
| HR model 2c | 1.0 | 0.68 (0.49–0.95) | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.85–1.38) |
| HR model 3e | 1.0 | 0.68 (0.49–0.95) | 1.0 | 1.07 (0.84–1.37) |
Type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction, stroke or cancer, whichever occurs first.
Stratified by age and adjusted for sex.
Additionally adjusted for sleeping disorders (yes/no), sleep duration at night (<6, 6-<7, 7-<8, 8-<9, ≥9 h), alcohol intake from beverages (non-consumers, men: >0–12 g/d, >12–24 g/d, >24 g/d; women: >0–6 g/d, >6–12 g/d, >12 g/d), smoking status (never, former, current), walking, cycling, sports (hours/week), employment status (employed vs. unemployed), and education (technical school or lower degree vs. university of applied sciences or university degree).
Adjusted for the variables in model 2 plus BMI (kg/m2), waist-to-hip ratio, and history of high blood lipid levels at baseline (yes/no).
Model 3 for cancer includes the same covariates as models for type 2 diabetes, myocardial infarction and stroke, except history of high blood lipid levels at baseline (yes/no).