Table 2.
Sleep characteristics and symptom experience by sleep quantity
| Variable | Short Sleep (< 6 h) (n = 131) | Typical Sleep (6 – 7.9 h) (n = 121) | Long Sleep (≥ 8 h) (n = 38) | Statisticsa (when p < 0.20) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | ||||
| Race | χ2(4) = 24.9, p < 0.001 | |||
| African American | 66 (50%)** | 37 (30%)* | 8 (21%)* | |
| Caucasian | 34 (26%)** | 60 (50%)* | 24 (63%)* | |
| Other | 31 (24%) | 24 (20%) | 6 (16%) | |
| Education | χ2(2) = 11.1, p = 0.004 | |||
| High school or less | 113 (86%)* | 90 (74%) | 24 (63%)* | |
| More than high school | 18 (14%)* | 31 (26%) | 14 (37%)* | |
| Household Income | χ2(2) = 9.16, p = 0.010 | |||
| < $1,000/month | 102 (78%)* | 76 (63%) | 22 (58%)* | |
| $1,000/month or more | 29 (22%)* | 45 (37%) | 16 (42%)* | |
| Clinical | ||||
| CD4+ T-cell count (cells/mm3)b | 398 ± 256* | 502 ± 273* | 470 ± 259 | F2,273 = 4.62, p = 0.011 |
| Viral Load (log10 copies/mL)b | 2.09 ± 1.99 | 1.56 ± 1.89 | 1.61 ± 2.00 | F2,267 = 2.29, p = 0.103 |
| Perceived Sleep Disturbance | ||||
| PSQI Global score | 7.7 ± 3.8 | 7.3 ± 3.7 | 7.2 ± 3.3 | ns |
| Actigraphy | ||||
| Time in bed (minutes) | 452 ± 78** | 511 ± 59** | 593 ± 70** | F2,287 = 65.6, p < 0.001 |
| Total sleep time (minutes) | 284 ± 58** | 416 ± 34** | 526 ± 46** | F2,287 = 473, p < 0.001 |
| Sleep efficiency (% of TIB) | 63.9 ± 14.6** | 82.1 ± 9.1** | 89.0 ± 6.02** | F2,287 = 110, p < 0.001 |
| Wake after sleep onset (%)b | 30.6 ± 14.9** | 14.2 ± 8.7** | 8.5 ± 6.1** | F2,287 = 91.1, p < 0.001 |
| Day sleep (minutes)b | 44 ± 51* | 58 ± 57 | 86 ± 80* | F2,280 = 6.8, p = 0.001 |
| Symptom Experience | ||||
| Number of symptoms (MSAS) | 9.5 ± 5.8 | 8.2 ± 5.7 | 10.8 ± 6.6 | F2,277 = 3.2, p = 0.043 |
| Depression (CES-D)b | 16.0 ± 10.2* | 16.3 ± 10.7* | 21.2 ± 11.3** | F2,285 = 3.1, p = 0.023 |
| Anxiety (POMS subscale)b | 8.3 ± 7.0 | 8.7 ± 6.9 | 10.3 ± 7.7 | ns |
| Fatigue (sleep diary) | ||||
| Morning | 3.4 ± 2.3 | 3.7 ± 2.3 | 3.7 ± 2.1 | ns |
| Evening | 5.3 ± 2.3 | 5.1 ± 2.2 | 5.5 ± 2.1 | ns |
| Evening-Morning difference | 1.9 ± 1.9 | 1.5 ± 1.9 | 1.7 ± 1.8 | ns |
a
Analyses for comparing the 3 groups included χ2 for demographic variables and an omnibus ANOVA and Scheffe post hoc tests for continuous variables.
b
Square root transformation used to normalize distribution.
*
Post hoc testing indicates this group significantly differs (p ≤ 0.005) from one of the other groups.
**
Post hoc testing indicates this group significantly differs (p ≤ 0.005) from both of the other groups.