FIG. 2.

Increased expression of ER stress markers by HG in rMC-1 cells. rMC-1 cells were treated with HG (25 mmol/L) or same concentration of mannitol for 2, 4, 8, or 24 h. ER stress markers were determined by Western blot analysis. A: Representative blots from three independent experiments. Expression of GRP78 (B), p–IRE1-α (C), and p–eIF2-α (D) were quantified by densitometry (mean ± SD, n = 3). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs. control. E and F: rMC-1 cells were treated with HG with or without chemical chaperone PBA for 72 h. Expression of ATF4 (E) and CHOP (F) were determined by Western blot analysis and quantified by densitometry (mean ± SD, n = 3). **P < 0.01 vs. control. ‡P < 0.05 vs. HG.