Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants in The 90+ Study
| Disability status at follow-up* | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | All Participants (n=216) | Not Disabled (n=120) | Disabled (n=96) |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | ||
| Sex | |||
| Men | 56 (25.9) | 36 (30) | 20 (20.8) |
| Women | 160 (74.1) | 84 (70) | 76 (79.2) |
| χ2(1) = 2.3; P = 0.16 | |||
| Age category at baseline, y | |||
| 90–94 | 165 (76.4) | 101 (84.2) | 64 (66.7) |
| 95+ | 51 (23.6) | 19 (15.8) | 32 (33.3) |
| χ2(1) = 9.1; P = 0.004 | |||
| Education | |||
| < High School | 17 (7.9) | 8 (6.7) | 9 (9.4) |
| High School to Some College | 111 (51.4) | 61 (50.8) | 50 (52.1) |
| College Degree or More | 88 (40.7) | 51 (42.5) | 37 (38.5) |
| χ2(2) = 0.7; P = 0.70 | |||
| Living situation at baseline** | |||
| Living alone | 123 (56.9) | 78 (66.7) | 45 (53.6) |
| In household with spouse, relatives or caregiver | 54 (25) | 32 (27.4) | 22 (26.2) |
| Group quarters | 23 (10.6) | 7 (6.0) | 16 (19.0) |
| Nursing home | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) |
| χ2(3) = 18.9; P = 0.008 | |||
| ADL Difficulty at Baseline | |||
| Any ADL | 104 (48.1) | 41 (34.2) | 63 (65.6) |
| χ2(1) = 21.1; P < 0.001 | |||
| Feeding | 29 (13.4) | 7(5.8) | 22 (22.9) |
| Bathing | 35 (16.2) | 9 (7.5) | 26 (27.1) |
| Dressing | 39 (18.1) | 9 (7.5) | 30 (31.3) |
| Transferring | 58 (26.9) | 18 (15.0) | 40 (41.7) |
| Toileting | 28 (13.0) | 8 (8.7) | 20 (20.8) |
| Walking | 71 (32.9) | 28 (23.3) | 43 (44.8) |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| Age at baseline, y | 93.7 (2.4) | 93.2 (1.9) | 94.2 (2.8) |
| t(161.5) = 2.9; P = 0.004 | |||
| Follow-up, y | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.3) |
| t(214) = 1.5; P = 0.13 | |||
| MMSE Score† | 25.6 (3.7) | 26.7 (2.5) | 24.4 (4.5) |
| t(104.5) = 3.9; P < 0.001 | |||
| CVLT Long Delay Score‡ | 4.7 (2.8) | 5.3(2.6) | 3.9 (2.9) |
| t(115) = 2.7; P = 0.009 | |||
*
P values are from χ2 tests for categorical variables and from t-tests for continuous variables
**
Living situation information was unknown for 15 participants
†
MMSE was completed by 151 participants;
‡
CVLT was completed by 117 participants
ADL=Activities of Daily Living, SD=Standard Deviation, MMSE=Mini Mental State Exam, CVLT=California Verbal Learning Test-Short Form