Table 1.

E, embryonic; P, postnatal.

Species	Challenge	Time	Impact on neural and cognitive outcomes in adulthood*	Reference(s):
Rat	LPS	E8–12	Decreased synaptophysin in CA1 of HP; impaired spatial learning	(Hao et al., 2010)
Mouse	Poly IC	E9.5	Increased dendritic spine density along with decreased synaptophysin in cerebral cortex	(Soumiya et al., 2011)
Mouse	Poly IC	E12.5	Impaired synaptic transmission in CA1 of HP; abnormal object information processing	(Ito et al., 2010)
Mouse	Poly IC	E12–17	Impaired pre-pulse inhibition (PPI) and novel object recognition performance in adult but not juvenile offspring	(Ozawa et al., 2006)
Rats	Poly IC	E15	Impaired PPI; impaired latent inhibition; altered hippocampal morphology	(Zuckerman et al., 2003; Zuckerman and Weiner, 2003, 2005; Wolff and Bilkey, 2008)
Rat	LPS	E15–16	Decreased dentate gyrus neurogenesis at P14; altered hippocampal synaptic transmission at P20–25; impaired PPI	(Fortier et al., 2007; Lowe et al., 2008; Cui et al., 2009)
Mouse	LPS	E17	Altered hippocampal morphology, impaired learning and object recognition	(Golan et al., 2005)
Mouse	Poly IC	E17	Potentiated locomotor activity and altered NMDA receptor subunit expression	(Meyer et al., 2008)
Rat	LPS	E17	Altered hippocampal morphology, decreased learning & memory	(Golan et al., 2005)
Rat	LPS	E18–19	Impaired PPI	(Fortier et al., 2007)
Rat	Borna Disease Virus	P0	Locomotor hyperactivity & hippocampal damage; spatial learning & memory deficits; stereotypy and hyperactivity	(Hornig and Lipkin, 2001; Hornig et al., 2001)
Rat	E. coli	P4	Altered NMDA receptor subunit expression in HP; decreased BDNF; LPS-induced memory impairment	(Bilbo et al., 2005a; Bilbo et al., 2008; Bilbo, 2010)
Rat	LPS	P4–5	Impaired avoidance learning	(Kohman et al., 2008)
Rat	LPS	P5	Impaired passive avoidance learning and memory; axonal injury and neuron loss in the hippocampus	(Fan et al., 2008)
Rat	IL-1β	P5	Impaired myelination; neuronal loss in CA1 of HP; impaired performance in passive avoidance task at P21	(Fan et al., 2010)
Rat	LPS	P14	Altered NMDA receptor subunit expression in HP; reduced novel object exploration	(Spencer et al., 2005; Harre et al., 2008)

^*All phenotypes are in adulthood unless otherwise noted.