Table 3.

Growth Curve Models of Caregiving Intensity Effects on Health in China, Coresiding Grandparents (N = 7,712)

	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
	Coef. (SE)	Coef. (SE)	Coef. (SE)
Fixed effects
Intercept	2.22*** (0.04)	2.21*** (0.04)	2.23*** (0.04)
Age	−0.30*** (0.02)	−0.30*** (0.02)	−0.30*** (0.02)
Age square	−0.07 (0.03)	−0.07 (0.03)	−0.06 (0.03)
High intensity	−0.05* (0.03)	0.02 (0.03)	−0.09** (0.03)
Low intensity (Ref. category: no-care)	−0.01 (0.03)	−0.01 (0.04)	−0.04 (0.03)
Age × High Intensity	−0.07 (0.06)	−0.06 (0.06)	−0.06 (0.06)
Age × Low Intensity (Ref. category: no-care)	0.16** (0.06)	0.16** (0.06)	0.16** (0.06)
Sex (female = 0)	0.00 (0.03)	0.03 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)
Died	−0.18*** (0.03)	−0.18*** (0.03)	−0.18*** (0.03)
Married	0.00 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)	0.00 (0.03)
Urban	0.10*** (0.03)	0.10*** (0.03)	0.07** (0.03)
Education (primary or less = 0)	0.12*** (0.03)	0.12*** (0.03)	0.12*** (0.03)
Income (lowest 20% = 0)	0.00 (0.02)	0.01 (0.02)	0.01 (0.02)
Working (not working = 0)	0.17*** (0.02)	0.17*** (0.02)	0.17*** (0.02)
Insured (not insured = 0)	0.04* (0.02)	0.04* (0.02)	0.04* (0.02)
Skipped	−0.04 (0.03)	−0.04 (0.03)	−0.04 (0.03)
Paternal	0.06* (0.02)	0.06* (0.02)	0.06* (0.02)
Number of children	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)	0.01 (0.01)
One parent present	−0.10* (0.05)	−0.10* (0.05)	−0.10* (0.05)
Drinking	0.09*** (0.02)	0.08*** (0.02)	0.09*** (0.02)
Smoking	0.08** (0.02)	0.08** (0.02)	0.08** (0.02)
High Intensity × Male	−0.23*** (0.05)
Low Intensity × Male	0.02 (0.05)
High Intensity × Urban	0.11* (0.05)
Low Intensity × Urban	0.11 (0.06)
Random effects–variance components
Level 1: within-person	0.16***	0.16***	0.16***
Level 2: in intercept	0.01	0.01	0.01
Level 2: in linear growth rate	0.25***	0.24***	0.25***
Goodness-of-fit
BIC (smaller is better)	17,784.90	17,772.40	17,786.40
−2 Log likelihood	17,753.30	17,740.80	17,754.80

Notes. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001 (two-tailed test); BIC = Bayesian Information Criterion.