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. 2009 Dec 22;9(12):10447–10512. doi: 10.3390/s91210447

Table 3.

Laser-based spectroscopic applications to environmental gases and aerosols.

Element Sample Sample Preparation Method LOD Notes Reference
Hg Air Direct analysis LEAFS 0.1 ng/m3 Double resonance excitation, quartz cell [134]
Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na Urban aerosol PM2.5 cyclonic inlet and virtual impactor LIBS 15-185 fg Field experiment at Pittsburgh Aerosol Supersite [135]
Al, Ba, Ca, Cl, Fe, Mg, Na, P Urban bioaerosol Direct analysis LIBS Not given Comparison to aerosol mass spectrometry, 0.1–2 μm aerosols can be quantified [133]
Many (14) Aerosol Cascade impactor, greased aluminum substrate LIBS Not given Particles from steel making, composition shows size dependence [136]
Al, C, Ca, Fe, N, Na, O, P, S, Si Inorganic aerosol Impactor or passive deposition micro-Raman Not given >1 μm diameter, organic and mixed particles more problematic [137]