Table 2.

Risk factors for hemorrhagic stroke in sickle cell disease.

Study (year)	Risk factor	Odds ratio (95% CI)	p-value	Participants	Comments	Ref.
Ohene-Frempong et al. (1998)	Steady-state Hb (for every 1 g/dl decrease)	1.6 (1.1–2.4)	0.013	2436 children and adults with HbSS	Did not report children and adults separately	[3]
	Steady-state leukocyte count for every 5000/μl increase)	1.9 (1.7–2.2)	0.026
Strouse et al. (2009)	Hypertension	NC (1.7–NC)	<0.05	15 children with hemorrhagic and 29 with ischemic stroke	Case–control study	[12]
	Events in the last 14 days
	Transfusion of RBCs	35 (4.9–289)	<0.001
	Corticosteroids	20 (2.9–217)	<0.005
	NSAIDs	4.4 (0.9–21)	<0.05
Strouse et al. (2008)	Transfusion in last 14 days	15 (1.5–708)	<0.01	20 adults with hemorrhagic and 29 with ischemic stroke	Case–control study	[17]
Strouse et al. (2009)	Hypertension	7.7 (4.7–13)	<0.0001	255 acute strokes among 69,586 discharges with sickle cell disease	Did not report children and adults separately	[7]
	Renal disease	7.2 (3.4–14)	<0.0001
	Coagulopathy	9.1 (2.8–23)	<0.0005
	Atrial fibrillation	4.3 (0.9–13)	<0.05

Hb: Hemoglobin; HbSS: Sickle cell anemia; NC: Not calculated; RBC: Red blood cell.