Table 1.
Descriptive Statistics of Variables
| Variable | Wave 1
|
Change (Wave 2–Wave 1)
|
Reliability Change Index | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Sample (N = 659) |
ROWE (n = 325) | Non-ROWE (n = 334) |
Full Sample (N = 659) |
ROWE (n = 325) | Non-ROWE (n = 334) |
||||||||||||
| M or % | SD | M or % | SD | M or % | SD | ROWE – Non- Rowe |
M or % | SD | M or % | SD | M or % | SD | ROWE – Non-Rowe (Difference- in-Difference) |
Full Sample |
ROWE | Non- ROWE |
|
| Mediating Variables | |||||||||||||||||
| Schedule control | 3.222 | (.736) | 3.411 | (.731) | 3.035 | (.693) | .376*** | .205 | (.707) | .333 | (.743) | .082 | (.649) | .250*** | 10.206 | 8.905 | 6.065 |
| Negative work–home spillover | 2.916 | (.651) | 2.994 | (.667) | 2.838 | (.626) | .157** | −.033 | (.550) | −.121 | (.578) | .052 | (.508) | −.174*** | −3.835 | −10.378 | 6.441 |
| Outcome variables | |||||||||||||||||
| Health behaviors | |||||||||||||||||
| Hours of sleep before workday | 6.723 | (1.774) | 6.441 | (1.765) | 6.994 | (1.743) | −.553*** | .218 | (1.553) | .401 | (1.618) | −.175 | (1.434) | .576*** | 2.664 | 4.522 | −2.828 |
| Obligated to work when sick | 2.553 | (.782) | 2.558 | (.792) | 2.549 | (.774) | .009 | −.124 | (.828) | −.268 | (.860) | .016 | (.772) | −.284*** | −2.400 | −4.121 | .455 |
| No doctor when busy | 2.453 | (.853) | 2.475 | (.839) | 2.433 | (.866) | .042 | −.101 | (.862) | −.185 | (.846) | −.019 | (.871) | −.166* | −2.062 | −3.916 | −.395 |
| Exercise frequency | 3.185 | (1.241) | 3.178 | (1.229) | 3.191 | (1.255) | −.014 | −.153 | (1.057) | −.072 | (1.069) | −.232 | (1.041) | .159* | −3.844 | −1.672 | −6.467 |
| Health and well-being measures | |||||||||||||||||
| Sleep quality | 2.734 | (.653) | 2.701 | (.634) | 2.766 | (.669) | −.065 | .040 | (.683) | .095 | (.690) | −.013 | (.673) | .108* | 1.266 | 2.673 | −.457 |
| Emotional exhaustion | 3.694 | (.980) | 3.773 | (.964) | 3.618 | (.991) | .155* | .137 | (.870) | .088 | (.879) | .185 | (.859) | −.098 | 4.894 | 2.947 | 7.010 |
| Personal mastery | 4.816 | (.799) | 4.778 | (.820) | 4.852 | (.779) | −.074 | −.011 | (.660) | .007 | (.666) | −.028 | (.654) | .035 | −.848 | .608 | −2.130 |
| Pyschological distress | 4.624 | (3.619) | 4.903 | (3.824) | 4.363 | (.399) | .540* | −.069 | (3.194) | −.208 | (3.348) | .062 | (3.041) | −.270 | −.208 | −.610 | .190 |
| Self-Reported health | 3.711 | (.835) | 3.660 | (.857) | 3.760 | (.812) | −.100 | −.073 | (.699) | −.082 | (.681) | −.064 | (.717) | −.018 | −5.180 | −7.113 | −3.698 |
| Energy | 3.557 | (.872) | 3.476 | (.898) | 3.636 | (.840) | −.160* | −.057 | (.784) | .038 | (.742) | −.150 | (.813) | .188** | −2.440 | 2.508 | −4.494 |
| Control variables | |||||||||||||||||
| Female (%) | 48.4 | — | 48.3 | 48.5 | −.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Age (%) | |||||||||||||||||
| Age 20–29 | 45.6 | — | 36.4 | — | 54.6 | — | −18.2*** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Age 30–39 | 39.3 | — | 44.0 | — | 34.6 | — | 9.4* | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Age 40–60 | 15.1 | — | 19.5 | — | 10.8 | — | 8.8** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Child (%) | 34.9 | — | 40.3 | — | 29.6 | — | 10.7** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Salaried (%) | 95.4 | — | 97.7 | — | 93.1 | — | 4.5** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Household Income | 4.202 | (1.517) | 4.348 | (1.484) | 4.059 | (1.537) | 0.289* | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Tenure | 4.306 | (3.198) | 4.716 | (3.303) | 3.902 | (3.042) | 0.814** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Job level (%) | |||||||||||||||||
| Non-supervising employee | 67.3 | — | 61.9 | — | 72.5 | — | −10.6** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Manager | 19.4 | — | 20.5 | — | 18.3 | — | 2.2 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Senior manager and up | 13.3 | — | 17.5 | — | 9.2 | — | 8.4** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Works more than 50 hours per week (%) | 41.2 | — | 40.5 | — | 41.9 | — | −1.3 | ||||||||||
| Job demands | 2.949 | (.498) | 2.989 | (.487) | 2.910 | (.506) | .080 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Decision authority | 2.913 | (.518) | 2.922 | (.525) | 2.903 | (.512) | .019 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Skill discretion | 2.921 | (.456) | 2.975 | (.434) | 2.866 | (.470) | .109** | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Manager support | 3.543 | (.914) | 3.507 | (.941) | 3.579 | (.887) | −.072 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Organizational supportive culture | 3.403 | (.622) | 3.342 | (.622) | 3.464 | (.616) | −.122* | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Life change within six months (%) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 15.5 | — | 12.3 | — | 18.6 | — | 6.3* | — | — | — |
| Job change within six months (%) | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 13.7 | — | 11.1 | — | 16.2 | — | 5.1 | — | — | — |
Note: ROWE = Results Only Work Environment. Dashes indicate non-applicability.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.