Table 2.

Summary of Direct, Mediational, and Indirect Effects of Results Only Work Environment (ROWE) on Health Behaviors

Structural Equation Model Pathway	Panel A: Hours of Sleep on a Weekday				Panel B: Obligated to Work When Sick
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
	Standard Estimate	Standard Estimate	Standard Estimate	Standard Estimate	Standard Estimate	Standard Estimate	Standard Estimate	Standard Estimate
Direct effects on health-related outcomes
Health T1 → Health Outcome T2 (a)	.626***	.619***	.601***	.600***	.395***	.365***	.350***	.329***
ROWE → Health Outcome T2 (b)	.123***	.094**	.100**	.088*	−.172***	−.073	−.147**	−.075
Schedule Control T2 → Health Outcome T2 (c)	—	.071*	—	.028	—	−.258***	—	−.187***
Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 → Health Outcome T2 (d)	—	—	−.164***	−.156***	—	—	.289***	.232***
Intervening pathways
ROWE → Schedule Control T2 (e)	—	.247***	—	.230***	—	.212***	—	.205***
ROWE → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 (f)	—	—	−.088**	−.019	—	—	−.054*	−.007
Schedule Control T2 → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 (g)	—	—	—	−.258***	—	—	—	−.224***
Indirect effects on health-related outcomes
ROWE → Schedule Control T2 → Health T2 (h = c × e)	—	.017*	—	.006	—	−.055***	—	−.038***
ROWE → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 → Health T2 (i = f × d)	—	—	.014*	.003	—	—	−.016**	−.002
ROWE → Schedule Control T2 → Negative Work-Home T2 → Health T2 (j = e × g × d)	—	—	—	.009*	—	—	—	−.011*
Total Indirect Effect of ROWE on Health T2 (k = h + i + j)	—	.017*	.014*	.019*	—	−.055***	−.016**	−.051***
Total Effect of ROWE on Health T2 (b + k)	—	.112**	.114**	.106**	—	−.128**	−.163**	−.126**
Model fit statistics
Normed χ2	3.534	3.001	2.764	2.368	3.413	3.072	2.728	2.402
Goodness-of-Fit index	.933	.865	.908	.860	.937	.862	.909	.858
Root mean square error of approximation	.068	.061	.057	.050	.067	.062	.056	.051
Direct effects on health-related outcomes
Health T1 → Health Outcome T2 (a)	.419***	.416***	.335***	.341***	.601***	.602***	.608***	.609***
ROWE → Health Outcome T2 (b)	−.099**	−.011	−.085*	−.029	.070*	.057	.056	.049
Schedule Control T2 → Health Outcome T2 (c)	—	−.278***	—	−.193***	—	.031	—	.009
Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 → Health Outcome T2 (d)	—	—	.301***	.245***	—	—	−.089*	−.086*
Intervening pathways
ROWE → Schedule Control T2 (e)	—	.224***	—	.215***	—	.245***	—	.231***
ROWE → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 (f)	—	—	−.061*	−.011	—	—	−.087**	−.010
Schedule Control T2 → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 (g)	—	—	—	−.208***	—	—	—	−.277***
Indirect effects on health-related outcomes
ROWE → Schedule Control T2 → Health T2 (h = c × e)	—	−.062***	—	−.041***	—	.007	—	.002
ROWE → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 → Health T2 (I = f × d)	—	—	−.018**	−.003	—	—	.008*	.001
ROWE → Schedule Control T2 → Negative Work-Home T2 → Health T2 (j = e × g × d)	—	—	—	−.011*	—	—	—	.006
Total Indirect Effect of ROWE on Health T2 (k = h + i + j)	—	−.062***	−.018**	−.055***	—	.007	.008*	.008*
Total Effect of ROWE on Health T2 (b + k)	—	−.073*	−.104**	−.084*	—	.064*	.064*	.058*
Model fit statistics
Normed χ2	3.958	3.062	2.712	2.343	9.376	6.058	5.260	4.379
Goodness-of-Fit index	.924	.863	.910	.862	.518	.683	.780	.759
Root mean square error of approximation	.074	.062	.056	.050	.113	.088	.080	.050

Note: Results are from structural equation modeling. Pathway labels (letters) correspond to Figure 1 or indicate products of coefficients for indirect effects. Controls included in the models, but not shown in the table, include gender, age group, parental status, exempt status, income, tenure, occupational level, work hours (more than 50 per week), psychological job demands, decision authority, skill discretion, satisfaction with manager, supportive occupational environment, life change between waves, and job change between waves. The full table is available on request. Dashes indicate non-applicability.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.