Table 3.
Summary of Indirect Effects of Results Only Work Environment (ROWE) on Health and Well-Being
| Structural Equation Model Pathways | Panel A: Sleep Quality
|
Panel B: Emotional Exhaustion
|
Panel C: Personal Mastery
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 4 | |
| Standard Estimate | Standard Estimate | Standard Estimate | Standard Estimate | Standard Estimate | Standard Estimate | |
| Direct effects on health-related outcomes | ||||||
| Health T1 → Health Outcome T2 (a) | .450*** | .384*** | .574*** | .452*** | .642*** | .603*** |
| ROWE → Health Outcome T2 (b) | −.054 | .012 | −.007 | .079* | −.009 | −.044 |
| Schedule Control T2 → Health Outcome T2 (c) | — | .125*** | — | −.121*** | — | .052 |
| Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 → Health Outcome T2 (d) | — | -.270*** | — | .381*** | — | -.211*** |
| Intervening pathways | ||||||
| ROWE → Schedule Control T2 (e) | .226*** | .237*** | .229*** | |||
| ROWE → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 (f) | −.019 | −.048 | -.027 | |||
| Schedule Control T2 → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 (g) | −.230*** | −.174*** | -.253*** | |||
| Indirect effects on health-related outcomes | ||||||
| ROWE → Schedule Control T2 → Health T2 (h = c × e) | — | .028** | — | −.029*** | — | .012* |
| ROWE → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 → Health T2 (i = f × d) | — | .005 | — | −.018* | — | .006 |
| ROWE → Schedule Control T2 → Negative Work-Home T2 → Health T2 (j = e × g × d) | — | .014** | — | −.016* | — | .012* |
| Total Indirect Effect of ROWE on Health T2 (k = h + i + j) | — | .048*** | — | −.063*** | — | .030** |
| Total Effect of ROWE on Health T2 (b + k) | ||||||
| Model fit statistics | ||||||
| Normed χ2 | 5.339 | 2.646 | 9.717 | 4.733 | 9.893 | 4.780 |
| Goodness-of-Fit index | .657 | .910 | .524 | .940 | .502 | .940 |
| Root mean square error of approximation | .093 | .074 | .115 | .075 | .116 | .076 |
| Direct effects on health-related outcomes | ||||||
| Health T1 → Health Outcome T2 (a) | .633*** | .544*** | .650*** | .634*** | .608*** | .532*** |
| ROWE → Health Outcome T2 (b) | -.013 | .045 | -.024 | −.050 | .058 | .019 |
| Schedule Control T2 → Health Outcome T2 (c) | — | −.083* | — | .045 | — | .087* |
| Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 → Health Outcome T2 (d) | — | .365*** | — | −.107** | — | -.227*** |
| Intervening pathways | ||||||
| ROWE → Schedule Control T2 (e) | — | .247*** | .236*** | .224*** | ||
| ROWE → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 (f) | — | −.033 | −.023 | −.010 | ||
| Schedule Control T2 → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 (g) | — | −.191*** | −.269*** | −.241*** | ||
| Indirect effects on health-related outcomes | ||||||
| ROWE → Schedule Control T2 → Health T2 (h = c × e) | — | −.021* | — | .011* | — | .020* |
| ROWE → Negative Work-Home Spillover T2 → Health T2 (i = f × d) | — | −.012* | — | .002 | — | .002 |
| ROWE → Schedule Control T2 → Negative Work-Home T2 → Health T2 (j = e × g × d) | — | −.017* | — | .007* | — | .012* |
| Total Indirect Effect of ROWE on Health T2 (k = h + i + j) | — | −.050*** | — | .020** | — | .034*** |
| Total Effect of ROWE on Health T2 (b + k) | ||||||
| Model fit statistics | ||||||
| Normed χ2 | 3.958 | 2.343 | 5.208 | 2.246 | 5.308 | 2.812 |
| Goodness-of-Fit index | .924 | .862 | .688 | .930 | .688 | .942 |
| Root mean square error of approximation | .074 | .050 | .098 | .070 | .099 | .076 |
Note: Results are from structural equation modeling. Pathway labels (letters) correspond to Figure 1 or indicate products of coefficients for indirect effects. Controls included in the models, but not shown in the tables, include gender, age group, parental status, exempt status, income, tenure, occupational level, work hours (more than 50 per week), psychological job demands, decision authority, skill discretion, satisfaction with manager, supportive occupational environment, life change between waves, and job change between waves. The full table is available on request. Dashes indicate non-applicability.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.