Table 2.
Association between crime measures and the likelihood of being a current smoker, ORa (95% CI)
| Model 1b | Model 2c | Model 3d | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total n | ncases | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Police-recorded crime rate | |||||
| All respondents | |||||
| Low | 678 | 127 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medium | 598 | 202 | 1.80 (1.39, 2.31) | 1.68 (1.30, 2.18) | 1.67 (1.29, 2.16) |
| High | 557 | 256 | 2.45 (1.93, 3.12) | 1.94 (1.51, 2.50) | 1.84 (1.42, 2.39) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.035 | 0.132 | 0.137 | ||
| Men | |||||
| Low | 308 | 63 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medium | 244 | 88 | 1.76 (1.23, 2.54) | 1.66 (1.13, 2.44) | 1.64 (1.11, 2.43) |
| High | 252 | 118 | 2.29 (1.62, 3.24) | 1.75 (1.21, 2.54) | 1.73 (1.18, 2.54) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.032 | 0.165 | 0.167 | ||
| Women | |||||
| Low | 370 | 64 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medium | 354 | 114 | 1.86 (1.33, 2.61) | 1.68 (1.19, 2.39) | 1.70 (1.20, 2.42) |
| High | 305 | 138 | 2.62 (1.88, 3.65) | 2.09 (1.48, 2.96) | 1.95 (1.36, 2.78) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.038 | 0.120 | 0.132 | ||
| Resident-perceived crime | |||||
| All respondents | |||||
| Low | 691 | 150 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medium | 592 | 120 | 0.92 (0.70, 1.20) | 0.94 (0.71, 1.24) | 0.90 (0.68, 1.19) |
| Medium-high | 458 | 100 | 1.01 (0.76, 1.34) | 0.95 (0.71, 1.28) | 0.88 (0.65, 1.18) |
| High | 677 | 215 | 1.68 (1.32, 2.14) | 1.43 (1.11, 1.84) | 1.26 (0.97, 1.64) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.018 | 0.123 | 0.137 | ||
| Men | |||||
| Low | 308 | 66 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medium | 257 | 62 | 1.17 (0.79, 1.73) | 1.22 (0.81, 1.85) | 1.17 (0.77, 1.77) |
| Medium-high | 198 | 44 | 1.05 (0.68, 1.61) | 0.97 (0.62, 1.54) | 0.89 (0.56, 1.41) |
| High | 310 | 97 | 1.67 (1.16, 2.40) | 1.30 (0.88, 1.93) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.68) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.013 | 0.156 | 0.167 | ||
| Women | |||||
| Low | 383 | 84 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medium | 335 | 58 | 0.75 (0.51, 1.08) | 0.75 (0.51, 1.11) | 0.73 (0.49, 1.07) |
| Medium-high | 260 | 56 | 0.98 (0.67, 1.43) | 0.95 (0.64, 1.41) | 0.88 (0.59, 1.31) |
| High | 367 | 118 | 1.69 (1.22, 2.34) | 1.51 (1.07, 2.13) | 1.36 (0.96, 1.93) |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.025 | 0.117 | 0.132 | ||
CI confidence interval, n total sample size, ncases number of cases, OR odds ratio
aNever/ex-smokers serve as the reference category
bModel 1: Unadjusted (includes smoking and crime rate or perceived crime only)
cModel 2: Adjusted for sex, age cohort, SES and employment status; sex-specific models adjusted for these confounders excluding sex
dModel 3: Adjusted for sex, age cohort, SES, employment status and perceived neighbourhood crime (for objective crime model) and for objective crime (for perceived crime model); sex-specific models adjusted for these confounders excluding sex