Figure 1.

Examples of the spatial perturbations to the auditory feedback of the F2 trajectory. A, A schematic diagram showing the setup for auditory feedback perturbation. B, An example spectrogram of the stimulus utterance “I owe you a yo-yo” with the F1 and F2 trajectories (dashed black lines) overlaid and the F2 extrema labeled. The blue vertical lines highlight the focus interval, that is, the interval during which the auditory perturbation occurs. C, A zoomed-in view of the focus interval of the example in B. D, E, Resultant spectrograms of Down (D) and Up (E) perturbation on the same sound as shown in C. The yellow dashed lines show the shifted F2. For comparison, the black dashed lines in D and E are identical to those in C. F, G, Examples of the temporal perturbations Accel and Decel, in the same format as D and E.