Table 2.
Markers of glucose and lipid homeostasis at three-years postpartum, by gestational glucose tolerance category. Predicted values1 from multiple linear regression models. Data from 537 participants in Project Viva who presented for follow-up at three years postpartum without an intervening birth.
| N | Normal | Abnormal GCT, normal GTT |
Gestational impaired glucose tolerance |
Gestational diabetes |
P3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (95%CI) |
Mean (95%CI) |
Mean (95%CI) |
Mean (95%CI) |
|||
| Glucose metabolism | ||||||
| Hemoglobin A1c%, N | 460 | 38 | 20 | 15 | ||
| Unadjusted | 533 | 5.10 | 5.18 | 5.324 | 5.24 | <.001 |
| (5.07–5.12) | (5.09–5.26) | (5.20–5.44) | (5.10–5.37) | |||
| MV-Adjusted | 533 | 5.05 | 5.11 | 5.254 | 5.11 | <.01 |
| (5.01–5.09) | (5.02–5.20) | (5.14–5.37) | (4.97–5.24) | |||
| HOMA IR2, N | 142 | 12 | 4 | 5 | ||
| Unadjusted | 163 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 3.14 | 0.04 |
| (1.2–1.5) | (0.9–1.8) | (0.9–3.1) | (1.7–5.5) | |||
| MV-Adjusted | 163 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 1.8 | 2.74 | 0.04 |
| (1.1–1.5) | (0.8–1.7) | (1.0–3.4) | (1.5–4.9) | |||
| Insulin, u/mL2 | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 163 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 8.7 | 15.34 | 0.09 |
| (6.8–8.4) | (4.8–9.9) | (4.7–16.2) | (8.8–26.7) | |||
| MV-Adjusted | 163 | 6.8 | 6.3 | 8.8 | 12.14 | 0.12 |
| (5.8–8.1) | (4.5–8.7) | (5.1–15.3) | (7.1–20.8) | |||
| Glucose, mg/dL | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 163 | 72.6 | 76.1 | 77.5 | 82.8 | 0.3 |
| (70.3–74.8) | (68.3–83.8) | (64.1–90.9) | (70.8–94.8) | |||
| MV-Adjusted | 163 | 76.5 | 79.0 | 82.9 | 89.04 | 0.19 |
| (72.3–80.6) | (71.0–87.0) | (69.4–96.4) | (75.8 –102.3) | |||
| Sex hormone binding globulin2, N | 459 | 39 | 20 | 16 | ||
| Unadjusted | 534 | 48.7 | 44.9 | 45.1 | 50.8 | 0.86 |
| (45.7–51.8) | (36.1–55.7) | (33.4–61.1) | (36.2–71.2) | |||
| MV-Adjusted | 534 | 50.0 | 48.8 | 50.3 | 59.2 | 0.77 |
| (44.8–55.8) | (39.1–61.0) | (37.5–67.4) | (42.3–82.9) | |||
| Lipid metabolism | ||||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL, N | 142 | 12 | 4 | 5 | ||
| Unadjusted | 163 | 176.8 | 185.1 | 195.5 | 164.0 | 0.34 |
| (171.9 –181.6) | (168.3 –201.8) | (166.5 –224.5) | (138.1 –189.9) | |||
| MV-Adjusted | 163 | 175.8 | 180.5 | 194.7 | 165.9 | 0.48 |
| (166.6 –185.0) | (162.9 –198.0) | (165.1 –224.4) | (136.8 –194.9) | |||
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 163 | 106.2 | 113.4 | 126.0 | 90.9 | 0.22 |
| (101.7 –110.7) | (98.0 –128.8) | (99.3 –152.6) | (67.1 –114.8) | |||
| MV-Adjusted | 163 | 102.7 | 106.4 | 126.1 | 92.8 | 0.26 |
| (94.4 –111.0) | (90.6 –122.3) | (99.3 –152.8) | (66.6 –119.0) | |||
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 163 | 54.5 | 54.0 | 47.3 | 41.84 | 0.09 |
| (52.5–56.4) | (47.2–60.7) | (35.5–59.0) | (31.3–52.3) | |||
| MV-Adjusted | 163 | 55.8 | 55.4 | 45.4 | 44.74 | 0.07 |
| (52.2–59.3) | (48.7–62.2) | (34.1–56.7) | (33.6–55.8) | |||
| Triglycerides, mg/dL2 | ||||||
| Unadjusted | 163 | 73.6 | 85.1 | 128.84 | 133.34 | 0.001 |
| (68.6–78.9) | (67.0 –108.1) | (85.1 –195.0) | (92.0 –193.2) | |||
| MV-Adjusted | 163 | 78.3 | 87.1 | 140.14 | 136.14 | <.01 |
| (68.7–89.2) | (68.0 –111.7) | (92.1 –213.0) | (90.3 –205.2) |
1
Data presented are mean predicted values. MV-adjusted results are predicted means for a white participant age 35–<40 with a BMI of 26.2, the study population mean, who has two children and no parental history of diabetes.
2
Results are geometric means.
3
Partial F test p among categories
4
Effect estimate p<.05 vs. NGT group